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Doses & Terminology
Pharmacology
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | Process where a drug is taken up from the site of administration and is transported to the blood stream. |
| Distribution | Process where a drug, once in the bloodstream, is delivered to specific organs and tissues in the body to exert its pharmacological effects. |
| Metabolism | Disappearance of a drug when it changes chemically into another drug. |
| Excretion | Process by which the drug is eliminated from the body |
| Bioavailability | This is a percentage or fraction of the administered dose of a drug that actually reaches systemic circulation. |
| Therapeutic Incompatibility | When the effectiveness of two drugs is decreased when given together. |
| Therapeutic Duplication | When two drugs from the same class are given together. |
| Adverse Effects | Effects other than the desired ones |
| Anaphylactic Reaction | A severe adverse reaction to the administration of a drug. |
| Side Effects | Problems that occur in addition to the desired effects |
| Toxicities | Effects that are harmful and destructive to the body |
| Cross Sensitivity | Allergy to drugs that are chemically similar |
| Drug Interactions | A change int he magnitude or duration of the phamacological response of one drug because of the presence of another drug |
| Additive Response | Occurs when two or more drugs combined together yield a response when the drugs by themselves are not enough. |
| Synergistic Response | Occurs when the effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of the drugs |
| Contraindicted | When a drug used for one indication casue an increase in severity of another indication |
| Pharmacology | The study of drugs and their interactions with the human body to produe therapeutic effects |
| Drug | a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in human beings or animals |
| Non-Prescription Drug | also referred to as OTC, these are medications the FDA has determined to be safe and effective for consumers to self-medicate |
| Prescription or Legend Drugs | must be taken with the supervision of a physician and may be harmful if not monitered. Require a physician's drug order |
| Controlled Drugs | Medications which warrant more restrictive regulation because of their potential for addiction and abuse. |
| Tablets | Most common solid dosage form |
| Buccal Tablets | Designed to dissolve slowly when placed between the cheek and gums |
| Sublingual Tablets | Designed to dissolve immediately and produce a rapid drug response when placed under the tongue, not swallowed |
| Chewable Tablets | Designed to be easily chewed and then swallowed |
| Effervescent Tablets | Uses a chemical reation (the release of carbon dioxide gas) to hasten tablet dissolution |
| Enteric-coated Tablets | Coated to delay the release of medication until the tablet has reached the intestinal tract |
| Film-Coated | Used to mask taste |
| Capsules | Solid dosage forms in which the medication is enclosed in a shell of either hard or soft gelatin |
| Pills | Were made from powdered natural materials such as plants and animal organs |
| Controlled-Release Products | Formulated to produce a constant release of medication over an extended period of time |
| Pastilles | Dissolve in mouth, provide medication to the oral cavity |
| Troches | can be hard or have gummy consistency |
| Powders | Solid dosage forms which have been crushed to make a fine powder |
| Suppositories | Designed to be inserted into the body cavity |
| Vaginal Tablets | Inserted into the vaginal where they dissolve to provide topical and systemic effect |
| Suspensions | Liquids in which the medication dies not completely dissolve but rather is suspended in a liquid formation |
| Reconstituted Liquids | Require the addition of distilled water within the dispensing pharmacy, stored as a powder due to the rapid deterioration of the medication when stored in liquid form |
| Emulsions | Preparations containing oil and water |
| Elixirs | Clear sweet combinations of water and alcohol |
| Fluid Extracts and Tinctures | Contain plant extracts as the active ingredient in water and/or alcohol |
| Spirits and Essences | Contain substances that evaporate quickly in ambient conditions |
| Foams | Systems in which gas have been incorporated into a liquid and when released the entrapped gas givees the product a very light consistency |
| Shampoo | An easy method to apply medication to the scalp |
| Colloids | Liquid preparations which dry to form a flexible film that can be removed from the skin |
| Mouthwash/Rinse | Provide medication to the oral cavity and patients are usually directed to swish and swallow |
| Parenteral Medications | Sterile products administered by injection or infusion in order to bypass the gastrointestinal tract |
| Inhalation Solutions | Placed in a nebulizer to provide topical application of medication to the respiratory tract |
| Ointments | Intended for applying medication to the skin or mucous membrance, greasy and difficult to remove |
| Creams | Moisturize the skin without being greasy |
| Lotions | Typically, thinner in consistency to aid in covering a greater body area and areas covered with hair |
| Gels & Jellies | Semi-solid system which contains very small particles of liquid medication |
| Pastes | Ointments to which a large quantity of insoluble solids have been added to make an ointment stiff |
| Liniments | Contain various substances that give a heat-producing effect used for relief of pain of muscle aches |
| Tape | Quick and easy way to apply topical medications, medication is allowed to absorb into the skin |
| Transdermal Patches | Hold medication in a reservoir designed to provide a continual supply of medication over a period of time |
| Aerosols | Provide medication to the respiratory tract, accomplished by using an MDI |
| Implants | Surgically placed subcutaneously to release medication over a long period of time |
| Chewing Gum | Can be used to deliver medication to the oral cavity or systemically if the medication is absorbed through oral mucosa |
| Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) | Deliver medication to the respiratory tract, can be difficult to use |
| Nebulizers | Deliver medication to the respiratory tract through a moouthpiece or mask |
| Spacers | Placed on inhaled medication canisters to improve a patient's administration technique |
| Nasal Sprays | Deliver topical medication to the nasal passages |
| Eye/Ear Droppers | Allows patients to administer accurate doses of medication to the eye or ear easily |
| Plunger Applicators | Used most commonly to apply medication to the vaginal canal |
| Roll-on Applicators | Provides a convenient way to apply gels, lotions, and other topical dosage forms |
| Syringes | Volume it can hold is 10 cc, oral or respiratory must not be able to accept a needle |
| Infusion Pumps | Deliver parenteral medication at a specific rate |
| Four ways drugs can be excreted from the body | Urine, feces, lungs, skin |
| Three main types of drug interactions | Drugs with food and beverages, w/ dietary supplements, & w/ other drugs |
| Relative Response | benefits outweighs the risk |
| Absolute Response | life threatening |
Created by:
jfix45
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