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211 Procedures 3
211 Special Procedures Radiography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rubor | redness |
| Calor | heat |
| Tumor | swelling |
| Dolor | pain |
| 5 clinical signs of acute inflammation | redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function |
| Prediction of the course and end of a disease and an outlook based on that is called | prognosis |
| A disease that presents slowly and lasts over a long period of time | chronic |
| Severe arterial disease of the extremities that may result in necrosis of the digits | gangrene |
| Possible causative factors of cancer | chemical carcinogen, genetic predisposition, uv rays, atomic radiation, xrays |
| Grading is what | assessing of the aggressiveness or degree of malignancy |
| Staging is what | extensiveness of a tumor and primary site and the presence or absence of metastising to other organs |
| Disadvantages to C | Arms |
| When the anode angle is decreased the focal spot size ____ | decreases |
| When anode angle increases the field size______ | increases |
| Angiography of lower extremities is preformed using a _____ table | step |
| In biplane radiopraphy it is necessary to have ________ | separate generators |
| Angiographic generators should have the capacity for the radiographer to set atleast what ma | 1000 |
| The focal spot size should be what in angiography | .3 |
| Simultaneous biplane exposure causes more scatter | true |
| Biplane filming increase the amount of contrast media given to a patient | false |
| The purpose of an automatic injector is | steady flow, inject large amounts of contrast quickly |
| Electromechanical injectors are called | flowrate injectors |
| Flow rate of contrast in automatic injectors is increased by | decreased viscosity, increased amount of holes, increased injection pressure, decrease length, increase diameter |
| 1) Pathology | the study of diseases |
| 2) Etiology | the study of disease causes |
| 3) Iatrogenic | resulting from the activity of diagnosis or treatment by medical personnel. |
| 4) Idiopathic | Having an unknown cause for underlying disease |
| 5) Inflammation | the Initial response of body tissue to local injury |
| 6) Edema | Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of body cavities |
| 7) Ischemia | Lack of blood supply to an organ or tissue |
| 8) Infarction | the Death of a tissue because of interruption of the normal blood supply |
| 9) Hemorrhage | Bleeding or abnormal blood flow from the vessel into the tissue |
| 10) Necrosis | Death of tissue |
| 11) Exudate | Material (fluid, cells, or cellular debris) that has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces usually as a result of inflammation |
| 12) Phagocytosis | the process by which certain cells engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris |
| 13) Granulation Tissue | Combination of young, developing capillaries and actively proliferating fibroblasts producing connective tissue fibers |
| 14) Adhesion | a band of scar tissue that binds anatomic surfaces that normally are separate from each other |
| 15) Keloid | The accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen (more common in African Americans) which produces a protruding, tumor-like scar |
| 16) Pyogenic | Bacteria that lead to the production of a thick, yellow fluid called pus |
| 17) Suppurative | puss forming |
| 18) Abscess | Encapsulated collection of pus |
| 19) Petechiae | Minimal hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, or serousal surfaces |
| 20) Purpura | Spontaneous hemorrhages in the skin or mucous membranes |
| 21) Ecchymoisis | bluish discoloration of an area of skin or mucous membrane caused by extravasation of blood into tissue---AKA Bruise |
| 22) Atrophy | A wasting or decrease in size or physiologic activity of a part of the body b/c of disease or other influences |
| 23) Hypoplasia | underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue |
| 24) Hypertrophy | increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the cells rather than the number of cells |
| 25) Neoplasia/Neoplasm | new and abnormal growth |
| 26) Cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation usually associated with severe disease |
| 27) Benign | noncancerous and therefore not a direct threat to life |
| 28) Malignant | tending to become worse and to cause death |
| 29) Adenoma | benign tumor of glandular epithelium in which the cells of the tumor are arranged in a recognizable glandular structure |
| 30) Lipoma | tumor composed of fat |
| 31) Myoma | a common benign fibroid tumor of the uterine muscle |
| 32) Angioma | any benign tumor with blood vessels or lymph vessels |
| 33) Papilloma | a benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by a branching or lobular tumor |
| 34) Polyp | a small tumor like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface |
| 35) Adenocarcinoma | any one of a large group of malignant epithelial cell tumors of the glandular tissue |
| 36) Squamous Cell carcinoma | a slow growing malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium |
| 37) Sarcoma | highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissues |
| 38) Opportunistic infections | an infection caused by normally nonpathogenic organisms in a host whose resistance has been decreased by disorders |
| 39) Mutations | Alterations in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes |
| 40) Down’s syndrome | congenital condition characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple defects |
| 41) Turner’s syndrome | a chromosomal anomaly in female births characterized by the absence of one X chromosome |
| 42) Klinefelters syndrome | a condition of the gonadal defects appearing in males after puberty, caused by an extra X chromosome in atleast one cell line |
| 43) Phenylketonuria--abnormal presence of phenylketone and other metabolites of phenylalanine in the urine | abnormal presence of phenylketone and other metabolites of phenylalanine in the urine |
| 44) Homocystinuria | rare biochemical abnormality characterized by the abnormal presence of homocystine, an amino acid, in the blood and urine |
| 45) Alkaptonuria | Inherited disorder in which a large excretion of acid in the urine causes the urine to turn dark |
| 46) Ochronosis | Inherited disorder in which accumulation of homogentisic acid results in degenerative arthritis and brown-black pigment deposited in connective tissue and cartilage |
| 47) Cystinuria | Abnormal prescence of the amino acid cystine in the urine |
| 48) Gaucher's Disease | Disorder of lipid metabolism caused by enzyme deficiency which causes splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and abnormal cone growth |
| 49) Marfan's Syndrome | A hereditary condition with major muscular skeletal effects including muscular underdevelopment, ligamentous laxity, joint hypermobility, and bone elongation. |
| 50) Immunoglobulins | Any of five structurally distinct classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) of protiens that function as antibodies. In respone to specific antigens, immunoglobulins are formed in bone marrow, spleen, and all lymphoid tissues except the thymus. |
| 51) AIDS | syndrome involving a defect in cell-mediated immunity that has a long incubation period, follows a protracted and debilitating course, manifested by various opportunistic infections and without treatment has a poor prognosis |
| 52) HIV | a retrovirus that causes AIDS produced the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows the viral RNA genome to be transcribed into DNA inside the host cell |
| 53) Diagnosis | identification of a disease or condition by a scientific evaluation of physical signs, symptoms, history, laboratory test results and procedures |
| 54) Prognosis | a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on the condition of the person and the usual course of the disease as observed in similar situations |
| 55) Mortality Rate | the death rate |
| 56) Morbidity Rate | an excess of body fat, or weight of 100 lbs over ideal body weight, that increase the risk of developing cardiac and endocrine disturbances |
| special procedures are defined as | radiographic method of demonstrating certain anatomic features that lack natural contrast by instilling a substance to produce contrast |
| 2 types of radiography | diagnostic and therapeutic |
| diagnostic procedures are used for what | to identify a particular pathologic process |
| therapeutic procedures are used for what | treating a pathologic process |
| if an angiographic vessel is an artery then the exam is called what | arteriogram |
| Venography is what | angiogram of veins |
| Interventional procedures are for what | to treat the pathologic process |
| x-ray generators in angiography need to have a ____ minimum mA | 500 or 1000 |
| What is the focal spot size that that is needed for angiography | 0.3 |
| Heat unit formula | HU=kvp*mA*s*C |
| What are the 4 (C) factors for the Heat unit formula for the types of generators | Single Phase 1 3 phase 6 pulse 1.35 3 phase 12 pulse 1.41 High Freq 1.45 |
| SIRD stands for what | Source-Image Receptor Distance |
| As the angle of the target decreases the effective focal spot size is increased, True or False | False as the target decreases the focal spot is decreased |
| as the target angle is decreased the field size | decrease |
| When doing biplane radiography you need to have what | 2 c arms and 2 generators |
| DICOM stands for | Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine standard |
| NEMA stands for | National Electronics Manufacturers Association |
Created by:
Ravann
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