Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
PsychoBio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that influence how we feel and behave. they are released when an action potential causes the CALCIUM gates to open. |
| when calcium rushes into the cell... | it pushes the neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft. |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | These drugs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the synapse allowing you to feel happier for a longer period of time. Paxal, Prozac, Zoloft |
| MAO monoamine oxidase | Breaks down transmitters into inactive chemicals-breaking down serotonin down destroying it instead of recycling |
| Another reason for depression | too much MAO breaking down the neurotransmitters into inactive chemicals. |
| Low serotonin contributes to... | poor mood-one way that drugs increase happiness is bt inhibitting the MAO chemicals that break down serotonin |
| Neurotransmitters that helps direct blood flow to areas of your brain | Nitric Oxide |
| Vesicles are rushed into the synaptic cleft due to... | calcium rushing in |
| tryamine | found in many foods (egg, cheese. has an effect on blood pressure and regulated by MAO enzyme |
| when MAO enzyme is inhibited... | tryamine can reach dangerously high levels, resulting in high blood pressure |
| Graded potentials transmitted between neurons can be ___on or ____off | Excitatory --- inhibitory- |
| messages can be more complex when many chemicals are sent between a... | synapse |
| neurotransmitters can have two effects when it attaches to the active site of the receptor | Iontropic and metabotrophic |
| iontropic effects | the neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor causing the immediate oppening of an ion gate--great for information that needs to be constantly updated---auditory,visual info--milasecond fasttttt |
| metabotropic effects | the neurotransmitter attaches to a receprot and initiates a cascade of metabolic reactions--taste, smell, and pain,arousal and emotion--slowly and act longer. few seconds |
| metabotropic effects work because of two mechanisims | G proteins and second messenger |
| g protein | 1. the metabotropic receptor is stimulated by a nerurotransmitter 2. it bends the receptor protein that goes all the way through the membrane ofthe cell 3/ the receptor is attached to a g protein on the inner side of the cell membrane-the receptor now ben |
| neuropeptides | they do not by themselves strongly excite or inhibit a neruon, instead they alter effects of neruotransmitters- long lasting, important for hunger, thirst, intense pain, and other long term changes in behavior and expirience |
| Hormones | is a chemical that is secreted primarily by glands and is conveyed by blood to other organs whose activity if influences- hormones convey to any organ that can recieve them |
| Neurotransmitter is like... a hormone is like... | telephone line, radio wave |
| endocrine glands | produce hormones |
| pituitary glands | attached to the hypothalumus and consists of two distinct glands the INTERIOR pit. and the POSTERIOR Pit- each produce diff homrmones |
| Posterior Pituitary | 2 hormones Oxytosin and vaspressin are released from the posterior pit. both are synthesized in hypothalamus |
| oxytosin | large role in sexual repo. -hug, hold hands, watch romantic movies, have a drunk makeout session--also released after sex and contributes to feelings of bonding/love-love or cuddle hormone-helps mother bond with child- |
| vasopressin | hormone relaseed by the posterior pit. gland-used to maintain the volume of water in the area surrounding ur cell-protects cells from sudden increase to decrease in water content |
| inactivation and reuptake | neurotransmitters need to be inactivated because otherwise they may continue to excite inhibit the receprot, long after it is necessary--MAO s inhibited |
| acetylcholinesterase recognize | after neurotransmitter Acet... activates a receptor. broken down by the enzyme ACHE- the two components are reabsorbed and recylyed into the presynaptci neuron-if too high life can be in jeapordy |
| reuptake | serotonin and the catecholamines are taken up to the presynaptic neuron. it occurs through specialized membrane proteins called transporters |
| autoreceptors | presynaptic receptors sensitvie to the same neurotransmitter the release-monitor the amount of transmitter relased and inhibit further synthesis and release after it reaches a certain level |
| electrical synapse | wgeb synchron between two cells is imprtant electircal synapses are useful. they allow us to breath rhythmically so both lungs inhale at the same time. |
| what type of receptor do neurotransmitters bind to in order for short rapid stimuli to be retreieved | iontropic |
| gap junction | in the eletrical synapse the membrane of the one neuron comes into direct contact with the membrane of another. the pores line up exactly between synapses and the pores remain open constantly--sodium ions flow much quicker this wayb/c sodium chans r open |
| the nervous system is divided into two main parts | centeral and peripheral nervous system |
| central nervous system consists of | spinal cord and brain |
| periphery nervous system consists of | all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that carry messages to the CNS |
| PNS has two divisions | Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system |
| Somatic N. S. | controls voluntary muscle movement and sensory info to the CNS |
| autonomic N. S. | controls involuntary basic life functions like digestion and heartbeat also your bodys response to stress |
| Dorsal | Looking at the brain top down |
| ventral | looking at the brain from the bottom up |
| anterior | looking at the brain toward the front end |
| posterior | looking at the brain toward the rear end |
| Spinal cord | part of the CNS found w/in the spinal column, the spinal cord communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head |
| bell-magendie law | the entering of dorsal roots-transmit sensory information to the brain and they are afferent-the exiting ventral roots transmit motor info to the body-efferent |
| gray and white matter-cells inside the spinal cord | gray matter-packed with cell bodies and dendrites--white matter- the mylein sheath covering the axons |
| Autonomic N. S (ANS) | A set of neurons that sends commands to the heart,intenstines, and other organs. controls basic involuntary like functions. |
| ANS is composed of two divisions | sypathetic and parasympathetic |
| sympathetic | fight or flight--prepares body for action by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and slows digestion |
| parasympathetic | nonemergency system that decreases heart rate and calms the body down |
| hindbraain | medulla pons and cerebellum |
| brainstem | medulla pons midbrain and certain structures of forebrain |
| medulla | controls breathing heart rate vomitting coughing sbeezing and other vital reflexes through CRANIAL NERVES |
| cranial nerves | sends motor info to head |
| pons | contains nuclei for several nerves-the bridge where axons cross from one side of the brain to another |
| reticular formation and raphe system | lie in both the pons and the medulla and affect attention and arousal |
| cerebellum | important in balance and coordination and shiffting attention back and forth between auditory and visual stimuli |
| midbrain | tectum, tegmentul, substantia nigra |
| substantia nigra | midbrain structure that produces and releases dopamine also involved in reward addiction and movement--parkisons a death of dopamine neurons in this area. schizo is linked too to much dopamine |
| forebrain | most prominent part of the human brain-consists of two cerebral hemispheres- left and right |
| limbic system | motivational and emotional behaviors-eating drinking, sexual activity, anxiety and aggresion |
| amydala | most strong in fear to protect us--component of limbic system, helps us learn from things that scare or hurt you--works along with the sympatheic NS to initate flight or fight mode |
| thalamus | most sensory info is processed here...EXCEPT SMELL |
| hypothalumus | temperature regulation-sends messages to the pituitary gland |
| pituitary gland | endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus -hormones carried to the organs through the blood stream |
| basil ganglia | critical for learning how to do something opposed to remembering factual info- like walking down the stairs while texting |
| hippocampus | storing memories especially storing new memories and recalling specific events from past memories |
| ventricles | four fluid filled cavaties within the brain |
| central canal | fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord |
| cerebrospinal fluid CSF | clear fluid found in the ventricles and central canal. CSF produced by choroid plexus--protects brain against shock-supports weight of brain-provideshormones and nutrition for brain and SpCORD |
| cerebral cortex | outer layer of the brain-composed of gray matter and axons extending inward |
| hemispheres | corpus callosum and the anterior commissure- allow brain to communicate from one side to another |
| four lobes | occipital parietal temporal and frontal |
| occipital lobe | posterior end of the cortex is the main site for processing visual info |
| cortical blindness | no visual imagery or visual dreams |
| parietal lobe | deepest grooves in cortex- monitors all the info in the eye head and the body and passes it to the brain areas that control movement |
| somatosensory cortex | on the parietal lobe- body parts are not proportional to the brain areas that control them. |
| temporal lobe | auditory processing/sounds/ recognizing faces |
| Kliver-bucy | temporal lobe--set of behaviors seen after temporal lobe damage- fearless |
| frontal lobe | contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex |
| motor cortex | area on the frontal lobe that controls movement of various body parts. each moveable body part of your body is represented here-specialized in fine motor skills-moving one finger at a time |
| prefrontal cortex | most anterior portion of the frontal lobe- involved in abstract thinking, attention, and decision making. the more PFC a species has the more developed they are and preform more cog finctions |
| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical disconnection between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain |
| lobotomile | effects apathy, memory problems, loss of planning ablility, flat affect (emotionless) |
| mid 50's | lobotomies fell out of favor because the use of drug therapy became common |
| binding problem | perception of a single object- binding requires one to perceive the location of an object is visual features and its sound |
| brain damage | paul broca discovered that damage to a particular region in the left frontal hemisphere is associated with the loss of the ability to speak |
| studying brain damage | studies were limited because 1. no two people have the exact same brain damage 2. few people have damage confined to just one area |
| ablation | removal of brain area |
| lesion | damage |
| sterotaxic instrument | device for precise placement of electrodes in the brain used to damage subcortical tissue |
| stereotaxic insrument | in order to use the sterotaxic instrument researchers must first drill holes in the animals skull |
| shame lesions | another group of rats are drilled and than recieve electrical damage to subcortical tissue- |
| brain stimulation | increases behavior |
| brain stimulation | increases a behavior - for example ontegenetics -enables researcher to turn on activity in targeted neurons by using a device that shines a laser light within the brain |
| stimulation | lab animals- brain stim. can be produced by applying brief electrical stimulation to implanted electrodes--humans accomplished by magnetic fields applied to scalp |
| EEG | electroencephalograph- can record spontaneous brain activity- suction cups to see how active your brain is at any time |
| MEG | magnetoencephalographs updates the image with magnetic fields. updates much quicker. mila sec after mila sec |
| PET Scan | positron emission tomography- injects radio active substance in blood then go into a machine that measures the blood flow in the brain to know exactly where the activity is |
| fMRI | functional magnetic resonance imagery- brain uses OXEGEN when it is active. replaced pet scan |
| phrenology | franz joeseph gall- bumps along the skull meant that there were larger areas of the brain producing outward-by meausring the bums a person could infer person chars. and cog abilities |
| Cat scan | computerized axial tomography (CT OR CAT) a dye injected to the blood to improve picture clarity and rotating scanner creates an image of the brain |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imagery- device scans and records energy relased by water molecules after amagnetic field is turned on and then removed. |
| Brain size and intelligence | older studies have found a very low correlation b/w brain size and intelligence. most likely due to problems with the measurment of both intelligence and brain size |
| temporal summation | a lot of stimulation a lot of nerves accumulated and the neuron fires |
| more IPSPS than EPSPS | it wont fire if... |
| which channels open and restore polarity | Postasium |
| things responsible for keeping neurons in a state of polarity | sodium pump, electrical gradient and consenting gratient |
| when stating that the neurons membrane is polarized you are refering to a difference in electrical potential b/w | the inside and the outside of the membrane |
| when the membrane is at rest the sodium channels are | closed |
| which is not true of astrocytes | they make up mylein sheaths in the periphery of the body |
| phenotpye | the blonde hair |
| geneotype | is what told the hair to be blonde |
| dna synthesis a chemical called | RNA |
| messenger RNA | synthesises protein molecules |
| RNA is produced through a process called | transcription |
| DNA made up of four bases | adenine-guanine-cytocine- thymine |
| RNA bases to... | Amino acids - triplet of RNA bases acts as a code for building an amino acid |
| how many amino acids builds a protein | 20 |
| how many amino acids builds a protein | 20 |
| proteins become | enzymes that regulate chemicals reactions in the body or they dertermine body structures |
| Homozygous | identical genes on two chromosomes- tt TT |
| heterozygous | unmatched pair of genes Tt tT |
| recessive genes | can ONLY be expressed when theyre in a homozygous condition |
| dominant genes are always expressed if they exist in an | allele |
| for the dominant gene to be expressed the gene pair can be | homozygous and heterozygous |
| sex linked genes | most are on the x tho y linked traits only effect males |
| sex limited gene | doenst always have to happen.if it does the sex hormone has to turn it on- hairy chest |
| mutation | when one of the DNA changes as a result of chances |
| duplication | pair of chromosomes that should appear once, may appear twice- if not at all--DELETION |
| recombination | when DNA strands are broken and then reoined to form new molecules during cell division |
| epigenics | gentic expression can also occour WITHOUT modification of the DNA sequence--Epigenic changes--malnurished mouse ie. |
| histone | expirence causes a chemical bind to ____. loosen grip on DNA-when ___loosen grip the genes are activated |
| lemarckian revoultion | using or not using a particular structure or behavior does NOT mean that your gene will change- ex. giraffes strethch their neck-just b/c you have the trait doenst mean you have it or that your dna will change |
| neurons | 100 billon- same as the milky way galaxy |
| santiago ramon y cajal | staing techniques to determine the nerve cells are not physically connected because of the small GAP |
| santiago ramon y cajal | staing techniques to determine the nerve cells are not physically connected because of the small GAP |
| small gap b/w neurons is | synapse |
| small gap b/w neurons is | synapse |
| cell body | houses the nucleous where the chromosoms are housed |
| cell body | houses the nucleous where the chromosoms are housed |
| dendrites | fibers that branch off the cell body-lined with synaptic receptors to recieve info from other neurons |
| axon | only ONE inf neuron-many dentdrites- causes nerve impulse toward another neuron organ or muscle |
| dendrites | fibers that branch off the cell body-lined with synaptic receptors to recieve info from other neurons |
| axon | only ONE inf neuron-many dentdrites- causes nerve impulse toward another neuron organ or muscle |
| how many amino acids builds a protein | 20 |
| proteins become | enzymes that regulate chemicals reactions in the body or they dertermine body structures |
| Homozygous | identical genes on two chromosomes- tt TT |
| heterozygous | unmatched pair of genes Tt tT |
| recessive genes | can ONLY be expressed when theyre in a homozygous condition |
| dominant genes are always expressed if they exist in an | allele |
| for the dominant gene to be expressed the gene pair can be | homozygous and heterozygous |
| sex linked genes | most are on the x tho y linked traits only effect males |
| sex limited gene | doenst always have to happen.if it does the sex hormone has to turn it on- hairy chest |
| mutation | when one of the DNA changes as a result of chances |
| duplication | pair of chromosomes that should appear once, may appear twice- if not at all--DELETION |
| recombination | when DNA strands are broken and then reoined to form new molecules during cell division |
| epigenics | gentic expression can also occour WITHOUT modification of the DNA sequence--Epigenic changes--malnurished mouse ie. |
| histone | expirence causes a chemical bind to ____. loosen grip on DNA-when ___loosen grip the genes are activated |
| lemarckian revoultion | using or not using a particular structure or behavior does NOT mean that your gene will change- ex. giraffes strethch their neck-just b/c you have the trait doenst mean you have it or that your dna will change |
| neurons | 100 billon- same as the milky way galaxy |
| santiago ramon y cajal | staing techniques to determine the nerve cells are not physically connected because of the small GAP |
| small gap b/w neurons is | synapse |
| cell body | houses the nucleous where the chromosoms are housed |
| dendrites | fibers that branch off the cell body-lined with synaptic receptors to recieve info from other neurons |
| axon | only ONE inf neuron-many dentdrites- causes nerve impulse toward another neuron organ or muscle |
| mylein sheath | fatty substance that insulates the axon |
| presynaptic terminals | ends of the axon that relases chemeicals to transmit a chemical message |
| afferent | Admission--brought to a structure |
| efferent | exit- info is carried away from structure |
| interneurons | some neurons are entireley contained within one cell structure- because they are not being transmitted they cannot be efferent or afferent |
| GLIA | DO Not transmit info over long distances- formed from the word glue |
| astrocytes | star shaped cells- remove waste when neuron dies- control blood flow to brain areas |
| microglia | server as the bodys immune system |
| oligodendrocytes | build the mylin sheath |
| radical glia | guide the migration of neurons and the growth of axons and dendrites during embryonic development |
| blood brain barrier | keeps most chemicals from entering the brain |
| endothelial cells | form walls of the capillaries.these cells are tightly joined in the brain,blockiing, molecules from passing |
| whats allowed to come in | water and ox flow freely bc they are small incharged particles- antidep. psychiatric drug, narcotics |
| almost all neurons depend on | gluecose- practically the only nutrient that crosses the blood brain barrier |
| electrical gradient | makes the cell polorized- inside more neg outside more pos |
| resting potential | for a neuron is 70 mv |
| selectively permable | some chemicals move through it more freely than others do- h20 and ox |
| membrane channels | sometimes open and sometimes closed-sodium/pott have a harder time getting in |
| sodium potassium pump | helps to maintain the neurons state of polarity- 3 sodium ions out of cell while pulling 2 pottas ions in |
| action potential | when a chemical message moves down an axon |
| when a nerve cell is prepared to fire it is? | in a state of polarityhas a resting potential inside more neg that outside |
| charles sherrington | how neurons communicate with eachother along the axon called synapse- expirience from reflexes |
| reflex circuits | sherrington measure the speeds of synapse |
| threshold for excitation | sherrington discover in order for postsynaptic receiving neuron to fire it has to have enough stim to cross the threshold for excitation |
| graded potentials | the amount of stim. that occurs at the postsyn neuron. if accumulate when stim and it exceeds threshld.the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential |
| two graded potentials | can either excite the neuron and make it more likely to exceed thresh. inhibit the neuron and make it less likely to exceed the thresh |
| EPSP | excitatory postsynaptic potential-when there is graded accumulated depolarization-brings more sodium into the postsynaptic neuron |
| IPSP | inhibitory postsynaptic potential- graded accumulated hyper polarization |
| spatial summation | another type of graded potential that can activate the postyna neuron- |
| tryptophan | serotonin is created by amino acid ____ the amount of it in your diet controls the amounting of serotonin in your brain- turkey soy elk sea line |
| st. johns wort | natural herb that naturally increases the amount of serotin |
| mind body problem | what is the relationship bw mind brain activity |
| the hard brain problem | everything in the universe is made up of matter and energy. helps us come up with biological behavior and what behavior really is |
| otto loewi | fluid from a stimulated heart was transfered to another heart. what happened to one heart would happen to the other |
| bbb blocks | many medications |
| graded potential | amount of stimulation that occurs at the post snapatic neuron |
Created by:
1061585884
Popular Psychology sets