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Psych CH7
Social Influences on Individual Behaviour
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social relationships | interactions between ppl in social settings |
| group | 2 or more ppl interacting with a shared purpose |
| social power | the amount of influence that an individual can exert over another person |
| status | an individuals position in a group |
| Types of Social powers: | reward__coercive__legitimate__referent__expert |
| Social Power Reward: | power based on ability to reward a person who complies with desired behaviour e.g. teacher rewards students with results |
| Social Power Coercive: | based on ability to punish a person for failure to comply e.g.fines and imprisonment |
| Social Power Legitimate: | power based on our acceptance of a person as an agent of established social order e.g.elected leaders, parents |
| Social Power Referent: | we refer to that person for direction e.g.pop stars, sporting heroes |
| Social Power Expert: | we recognise a person has knowledge or expertise in a specific field e.g.doctors |
| obedience | |
| social proximity | the social distance between one person and another. *more variable than physical distance, it includes the degree of opportunity to interact with the other person |
| conformity | bringing one's behaviour into agreement with norms or with behaviour of others in a group |
| normative influence | the impact of the standards established by the group on an individuals behaviour |
| group norms | standards set by a group which group members follow |
| public conformity | accepting the behaviours of the group when they are present, but not accepting them as part of one's personal beliefs. |
| private conformity | accepting the behaviours of the group as part of one's own personal beliefs |
| collectivist culture | a culture that values the group over the individual |
| individualistic culture | a culture that values the individual over the group |
| informational influence | where the social environment or situational cues are used by individuals to help them monitor or adapt their behaviour to fit with the behaviour of those around them |
| unanimity | agreement among all members of a group |
| deindividuation | the loss of social identity and inhibition, causing a person to lose responsibility for their own actions and causing them to ignore possible consequences |
| social loafing | the tendency for an individual to reduce their effort in a group |
| peer pressure | actual or implied pressure by friends or others around you to behave accord to group norms |
| pro social behaviour | selfless behaviour that is positively valued by society and is carried out to help another person, with little regard for one's self interest |
| bystander intervention | where a witness to an event or situation becomes involved |
| bystander effect | if there are more people present in an emergency, help is less likely to be given |
| social norms | norms defined by society as a whole to establish acceptable behaviour in most situations |
| universal norm | a behavioural expectation that is common to all cultures |
| law | |
| reciprocity principle | the belief that if someone does something for you then you should do something for them |
| social responsibility norm | the belief that ppl have a social responsibility to do something for those in need |
| empathy | a capacity for seeing another's point of view, the ability to feel what another person is feeling |
| mood | a low intensity, long-lasting emotional state |
| competence | capacity to successfully complete a task |
| anti social behaviour | selfish behaviour that is negatively valued by society and is carried out to harm another persons and/or gain some reward for oneself |
| altruism | the tendency to act in such a way as to help others without seeking any personal reward |
| diffusion of responsibility | the greater the number of ppl present in an emergency, the less likely it is that each one will act, as each person assumes that another will take responsibility |
| audience inhibition | the reluctance to help when other ppl are present as they individual is frightened of making a mistake and making a fool of themselves |
| social influence | the effect on an individual's behaviour by observing the behaviour of others or as a result of pressure from others |
| cost-benefit analysis | the 3 stages we go through when we see someone in distress: physiological arousal, labelling the arousal, and evaluating the consequences, an assessment of the relative costs of helping and not helping |
| innate | behaviours that are intrinsic rather than learned |
| role model | a person who provides an example of behaviour which is then observed or imitated by another |
| aggression | any behaviour with the intent to cause psychological or physical harm to another person, animal or object |
| violence | extreme acts of aggressing, such as assault and murder |
| ethology | the study of animal behaviours |
| psychodynamic approach | a view of human behaviour that looks at the interrelationship between the parts of an individual's personality |
| frustration | the feeling of dissatisfaction as a result of an inability to achieve a goal |
| catharsis | the purging of feelings such as aggression |
| participant expectancy | a phenomenon where the person who is a subject in a study changes their behaviour due to their beliefs about the purpose of the study. |
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