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Physics U3 & HW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anything that occupies space and has inertia(mass) | Matter |
| Smallest subdivision of substance having the physical properties of the substance | Molecule |
| what determines the state a molecule is in and what are the types of states? | the degree of attraction; solid, liquid, or gas |
| Has the strongest molecule attraction | Solid |
| Has the weakest molecule attraction | Liquid |
| which type of molecule attraction repels | the gas |
| Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristic properties of that element and can combine chemically with one or more atoms of another element | Atoms |
| What are the 4 atoms of the Greek | earth, fire, water and air |
| Who compared the atoms to hooks and eyes in 1808? | Dalton |
| Who compared the atom to plum pudding | Thompson |
| Who compared the atom to the solar system in 1913 | Bohr |
| Any material that has definite constant composition | Substance |
| Elements, cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary means | Simple substance |
| These are compounds | Complex substance |
| A chemical union of two or more elements in definite proportions | Complex substance |
| Give an example of a substance | Salt also a complex substance |
| Give an example of simole substance | sodium and oxygen |
| This is the positive charged center of an atom that contains most of the atom's mass | Nucleus |
| The nucleus of an atom contains what percent of the mass? | 99% |
| What was Bohr's Theory | The atom is represented as a miniature solar system analogous to the sun with the planets revolving around it |
| Negatively charged particles that circle the nucleus each in its own path or shell | Orbital electrons |
| How are electrons grouped | by their shells or energy levels |
| What is the binding energy of a shell that is close to the nucleus | The binding energy is strong but the energy shell is weak |
| What is the binding energy of a shell that is farther away from the nucleus | The binding energy is weak but the energy shell is strong |
| The periodic table is an arrangement of | all the electrons in an orderly series |
| Who developed the periodic table and how did he arrange the electrons | Medndleev; accroding to the lowest atomic number to the highest or how many electrons in the outer shell |
| How may groups are in the periodic table | 8 vertical |
| Represents families of elements that have similar chemical properties | Groups |
| What is the exception in the periodic table | Hydrogen |
| Group 1 is | Alkali metals and has 1 electronin the outer shell |
| group 2 | has 2 electrons in the outer shell |
| group 7 are | halagens |
| group 8 are | nobel gases(inhert elements) |
| The horizontal rows of the periodic table are based upon what and how many are there? | Based on the number of electron shells and there are 7 |
| All of the elements in each row of the periodic table have the same number of what but different _________ properties. | Electron Shells; Chemical |
| ªᵣXⁿ Define each letter | a=mass #; r=Atomic #; X=Element; n=Valence # |
| the shell number is referred to as | The quantum number |
| The outer most shell does not what | have to contain the maximum number of electrons |
| No outer shell contains more than | 8 electrons |
| All atoms seek to have 8 electrons in its outer shel, what is this | octet rule |
| What is the formula to calculate the maximum number the electrons a shell can hold | 2n² (n=the energy shell) |
| how many electrons can the n shell hold | 2(4)²= 16x 2= 32 |
| A nucleus contains | Protons and neutrons |
| Positive charge,equal and opposite to an electron | Protons |
| How much heavier is a proton than an electron | 1828 times heavier |
| Has a mass slightly greater than a proton | neutron |
| Why is a neutron slightly greater than a proton | because it is really a proton and an electron united |
| What are the building blocks of an atom | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Why must the number of protons be equal to the number of electrons | because an atom is always going to try to keep a neutral charge of 0 |
| Is determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom | Valence # |
| What are the positive valence #'s | 1 outer shell electron +1; 2 outer electrons +2; 3 outer electrons +3 |
| What are the negative valence #'s | 7 outer electrons -1; 6 outer electrons -2; 5 outer electrons -3 |
| The number of (+) charges/protons in the nucleus of an atom | Atomic # |
| What is the symbol for the atomic # | z |
| the total number of protons and neutrons(nucleons) in the nuceus of a atom | Mass # or atomic # |
| Symbol for atomic # or mass # | A |
| Atoms that have the same number of nuclear protons(same atomic number) but different number of nucleur neutrons(different mass number) | Isotopes |
| What are the two types of chemical bonding | Covalent and Ionic |
| Sharing of the electrons to achieve the Octet Rule and has a weaker bond | Covalent bonding |
| Ionization must occur in an attenpt to achieve the octet rule and has a strong bond | Ionic bonding advanced |
| Give an example of a covalent bond | water two atoms of hydrogen(each with 1 electron in its outer shell) share their electrons with 1 atom of oxygen that has 6 electrons in its outer shell |
| Give an example of ionic bonding | NaCl Chlorine with 7 electrons in its outer shell steals the 1 electron in the sodiums outer shell which causes them to become oppositely charged. They are magnetically attracted to each other in bond |
| What are not involved in the ionization process | protons |
| The process of converting electrically neutral atoms to electrically charged atoms through the addition or removal of orbital electrons | Ionization |
| What charge does the ion have if the electron is removed | + |
| what charge does the ion have if the electron is added | - |
| Argon | Ar |
| Barium | Ba |
| Beryllium | Be |
| Calcuim | Ca |
| Cobalt | Co |
| Gold | Au |
| Helium | He |
| Hydrogen | H |
| Iodine | I |
| Iron | Fe |
| Lead | Pb |
| Oxygen | O |
| Radium | Ra |
| Radon | Rn |
| Silver | Ag |
| Soduim | Na |
| Sulfer | S |
| Tungsten | W |
| Uranium | U |
| Arsenic | As |
| Silicon | Si |
| Gallium | Ga |
| Six ways to bring about ionization | X-ray bombardment of matter/Electrons stream bombardment of matter/Spontaneous breakdown of radioactive nuclides/Light ray bombardment of certain elements/chemical ionization/Thermionic emission |
| Explain x-ray bombardment | Dislodging orbital electrons/ Photon interaction |
| Explain Electron stream bombardment | Dislodging orbital electons/ x-ray tibe |
| Explain spontaneous breakdown of radioactive nuclides | Decaying isotopes |
| Explain the light ray bombardment of certain elements | light causes electrons to be emitted from certain metals-cesium and potassium |
| Explain chemical ionization takes place | electrolysis/ NaCl with electrodes |
| Explain where thermoionic emission takes place | Filament of the x-ray tube |
| energy emitted and transferred through matter(irradiated) | radiation |
| removes electrons | ionizing radiation |
| What are the types of ionizing radiation | electromagnetic and particulate |
| Electromagnetic ionizing radiation has | no mass, no charge and a constant velocity of speed |
| Particulate ionizing radiation has | has mass, may or may not have a charge, velocity varies |
| x-rays and gamma rays are | x and Y electromagnetic ionizing radiation |
| Alpha and beta rays are | Particulate ionixing radiation (a) and (B) |
| What is the difference between the x-ray and the gamma ray | The point of origin |
| Where does x-rays come from | The shells of the atoms |
| Where does gamma radiation come from | The nucleus of an atom |
| High spped electrons | Beta particles |
| Generally negatively charged electrons(particulate radiation) | Beta negatrons |
| Postively charged electrons (particulate radiation) | Beta Positrons(they are small but penetrate deep) |
| Helium atom stripped of all its electrons | alpha particles (these are large but dont travel fast) |
| What make up alpha particles | 2 protons and 2 neutrons (double ionized helium atom) |
| Process which results in the transmutation of one element to another | radioactivity (Uranium-Radium-Lead) |
| In the decay of radioisotopes the nuclues emitts | alpha, gamma, and beta radiation which cause transformation |
| This is the most commonly occuring emission | Beta emission |
| During beta emission what happens | A beta electron is emitted with a neutrino, a neutron converts to a proton, and this increase the atomic number by one while the mass number stays the same |
| When the z number increases what happens | the atom becomes an ion and must pull an electron to stabilize itself/ this changes the atom from one element to another |
| Beta(-1 charge) | high speed electron that was attached to a neutron |
| Alpha(+2 Charge) | two protons and two neutrons |
| Neutron(0 Charge) | A neutron |
| This type of beta emission only involves what | the negatively charged particles(beta negatrons) |
| Alpha emission is a | Violent process and is a Helium nuclues |
| When Alpha is emitted the mass number ______ and the atomic number______ | is reduced by 4 / is reduced by 2 |
| Some___ are pure beta emotters and some are pure Alpha emitters but most all emit Gamma | isotopes |
| Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers/ Atoms that have the same number of protons but different nuetrons | Isotopes |
| Atoms with the same number of nucleons(mass Number) but different numbers of nuetrons and protons/ Atoms with the same Mass number but different atomic number | isobars |
| Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different number of protons/ Different atomic numbers and different atomic mass numbers but constant value for A-Z | isotones |
| Same atomic number and same atomic mass number | isomers |
| isomers exist in different energy states because | of differences in the nucleon arrangement |
| The ability of some nuclides to undergo spontaneous breakdown emitting ionizing radiation | Radioactivity |
| When does radioactivity occur | naturally and artifically |
| What are the naturally radioactive elements | thorium/ uranium/ actinium |
| The period of time required for a quantity of radioactivity to decay to one half of its initial value | Half-Life |
| What is the formula for Half-Life | (T1/2) |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding our unterstanding of atomic structure | Rutherford described the nucleus |
| In the rendering of the atom J.J. Thompson | Uniform positive electrification was theorized |
| The periodic table represents the element in the order of | atomic number |
| Approximately how many known elements are there | 100 |
| The only element that is not in any group of the periodic table is | hydrogen |
| The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called | peroids |
| As you move from left to right across the periodic table what happens to the number of outer shell electrons from one element to the next | it increases by 1 |
| Which group in the peroidic table contains elements that have only one electron in the outer shell | Alkali metals |
| Which of the following is a traditional element | Tungsten |
| Atoms with all three electrons in the outer shell | have 3 valence electrons |
| In the periodic table of the the elements the group number identifies the | number of electrons allowed in the outer shell |
| All of the following are elements except | Steel |
| How many atoms are there in one molecule of sodium bicarbonate | 6 |
| Which of the following physists had a major part in decreasing the atom as we know it today | Bohr |
| which of the following statements is true | in 1 yr light can travel approximately 10^16m |
| The periodic chart of elements is attributed to | dimitri mendeleev |
| Rutherford made what significant contribution to science | description of the nuclear atom |
| Which of the following statements about atoms are true | Most of the atoms are made of empty space |
| Which of the following statements about atoms are true | Atoms that have the same atomic number are atoms with the same atomic element |
| If I129/53 is a stable, electrically neutral atom, how many neutrons are there | 76 |
| When oxygen (16/8 O) combines with atom of hydrogen (1/1 H) to form water the resultant molecule has a total of | 10 protons |
| The atomic number of an atom is given by the number of | protons plus neutrons |
| The atomic number | is the number of protons |
| Isotopes are atoms | of the same element |
| Electrons in the M-shell | do not exceed 18 in number |
| 12/6 C and 14/6 C have the same | number of protons |
| The binding energy of an electron to a nucleus is | higher for an L-shell electron than an M-shell electron |
| How many nucleons does 131/53 I have | 131 |
| The number of protons in the nucleus is called the | atomic number |
| A neutron has approximately | 1amu(mass) and no charge |
| How many different types of nucleons are there | 2 |
| Tungsten 184/74 W has how many neutrons | 110 |
| what is the maximum number of electrons permitted in the N-shell | 32 |
| Regarding atomic nomenclature | atomic mass number is a whole number |
| the following atoms are all stable which has the highest k-shell electron binding energy | Hg(mercury) |
| Alpha particle | radiation that can not penetrate a sheet of paper |
| beta particle is | a particle with a charge of -1.602x10(-19)C |
| Cyclotron is | A particle used to Produce radioisotope |
| Gamma Rays are | uncharged radiation : highly penetrating |
| Gold is | A stable atom that can be made radioactive |
| Isotopes are | atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| Radioactive is | a substance composed of all atoms with unstable nuclei |
| Radioactivity | Spontaneous emission of energy or p[articles from unstable nuclei |
| Radioisotopes are | usually produced by particles from common elements |
| Uranium is | an atom that is naturally radioactive |
| Whena radioisotope emits beta particle | a neutron is converted into a proton |
| Isotopes are | atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers |
| Beta emission results in | the gain of a proton |
| Alpha emission results in | the loss of 4 amu |
| After beta emission the nucleus has | increased in Z number by 1 |
| Radioisotopws have what type of nuclei | an unstable one |
| Electrons are arranged how | in orbits around the nucleus |
| What is true about radioisiotopes regarding decay | The percentage of atoms decaying per unit of time is constant |
| The difference between electrons and beta particles is | their origin |
| In the air gamma rays | do not normally travel farther than 10 m |
| What could be the most penetrating radiation | 100 keV |
| The difference between the x-ray and gamma rays is | their origin |
| X-rays have | no mass no charge |
| What type of radiation is emitted from the outside of the nucleus | x-rays |
| As compared with particulate radiation electromagnetic radiation | has a higher electrostatic charge |
| Electromagnetic radiation ionizing radiation comes from | inside and outside of the nuclei |
| x-rays and gamma rays are examples of electromagnetic radiation both have | no electricostatic charge |
| what is an example of ionizing radiation | energetic protons |
| what are the two principle classes of ionizing radiation | particulate and electromagnetic |
| what is not ionizing radiation | therapeutic ultrasound |
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