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Pharmacology
Vegas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| digoxin (Lanoxin) class: anti-___, side effect ___ or ___ vision | dysrhythmic, blurred, double |
| guaifenesin can cause ___ | drowsiness |
| estrogen (Premarin), side effects - an ↑ risk of ___, shortness of breath, severe ___, vomiting, sudden acute pain in legs/___/chest/___ | thromboembolism, headache, calves, abdomen |
| doxepin (Sinequan) is a anticholinergic who's side effects include urinary ___, constipation, drying of ___ or oral secretions, ↑ ___ rate | retention, nasal, heart |
| albuterol (Proventil) is a sympathomimetic or an ___ ___ ___, contraindicated in use with ___ because it can ↑ albuterol’s action & lead to hypertension crisis, β-blockers can inhibit therapeutic effects | adrenergic beta-2 agonist, MAOIs |
| Levothryoxine (T4) is used to treat ___ r/t disfunction of hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid | hypothyroidism |
| cephalosporins (Keflex) - allergy = precaution for taking ___ | penicillins |
| alpha-blockers also called _-___-___ | α-adrenergic-antagonists |
| _-___ used in treatment of Raynaud's, scleroderma, anxiety, panic, hypertension (in conjunction with diuretics when other treatments are ineffective), used to treat symptoms of BPH | α-blockers |
| ___ (Imitrex) use when migraine symptoms appear & again in (how long) one ___ if Sx persist | sumatriptan, hour |
| narcan is an opioid ___, its therapeutic action is improvement of ___ rate | antagonist, respiratory |
| baclofen’s (Lioresal) therapeutic action is a ↓ in frequency & severity of muscle ___ | spasms |
| erythromycin (Erythrocin), a ___ (class), can cause ___ toxicity | macrolide, liver |
| Sodium | 135 - 145 |
| Calcium | 8.5 - 10.5 |
| Cl | 100 - 106 |
| Glucose | 70 - 110 |
| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) | 5 - 20 |
| Albumin | 3.4 - 5 |
| Potassium | 3.5 - 5 |
| Protein | 6 - 8 |
| Magnesium | 1.6 - 2.6 |
| Total cholesterol | <200 |
| LDL | 100 - 130 |
| HDL | 60mg/dL and above |
| Triglycerides | <150 |
| blood pH | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| pCO2; below 35 is ___, above 45 is ___ | alkalotic, acidic |
| pO2 | 75 - 100 mm Hg |
| HCO3; below 22 is ___, above 26 is ___ | acidotic, alkalotic |
| SaO2 and pulse ox; between ___% and ___% | 94 - 100% |
| urine pH | 4.5 - 8 |
| urine specific gravity | 1.002 to 1.03 |
| urine ketones, protein, glucose | negative |
| RBCs male | 4.5 - 6 million/uL |
| RBCs female | 4 - 5 million/uL |
| Hb (hemoglobin) male | 14 - 18 gm/dL |
| Hb (hemoglobin) female | 12 - 16 gm/dL |
| Hct male ___% to ___% | 42% - 54% |
| Hct female ___% to ___% | 38% - 46% |
| platelet count | 150,000 - 400,000 |
| WBC count | 4,500 - 11,000 |
| HbA1c | <7 |
| 1gr = ___ mg | 60 |
| ___mL = 1 tsp | 5 |
| ___mL = 1 tbsp | 15 |
| 1 cup = ___mL | 240 |
| 1 cup = ___ oz | 8 |
| ___ mL = 1 oz | 30 |
| 1 pint = ___ cups | 2 |
| normal PT (prothrombin time) ___ to ___ seconds | 10 to 12 |
| therapeutic level of digoxin | 0.5 - 2.0 |
| target range for INR in anticoagulant use (e.g. warfarin) is | 2 to 3 |
| phenobarbital sodium (Luminal), used in ___ therapy, assess for respiratory ___ and sedation. Administering IV < ___mg/min, avoid extravasation (alkaline → skin damage) | anticonvulsant, depression, 50 |
| spironolactone (Aldactone), a ___-___ ___, avoid foods with ↑ K (salt substitutes) | potassium sparing diuretic |
| chloroquine phosphate (Aralen), ___ prevention, take weekly starting 1 week before departure, continue for 4 weeks after return | malaria |
| heparin (anticoagulant), use with ___ for acute MI | alteplase |
| clopidogrel (Plavix), long-term use, reduces risk of ___ with atherosclerosis & recent MI or CVA | clotting |
| alteplase (Activase) is an ___, used in acute MI or CVA, has a short half-life | antithrombolytic |
| methylphenidate (Concerta) use ___, precaution - avoid ___ use | narcolepsy, caffeine |
| lithium levels, early signs of toxicity at < ___ mEq/L, severe toxicity > ___ mEq/L, therapeutic range is ___ mEq/L to ___ mEq/L | 1.5, 2.5, 0.8, 1.2 |
| niacin causes ___, facial flushing | vasodilation |
| sympathomimetics mimic sympathetic nervous system, leads ___ in blood pressure | increase |
| beta-adrenergic blockers block SNS → ↓___ ___, ↓___ ___, ↓ arterial pressure, ↓ CO | blood pressure, heart rate |
| diphenoxylate HCl (Lomotil), side effect - ___ ___ (from added atroprine to discourage abuse) | dry mouth |
| insulin – peak, NPH ___-___ hours | 6-12 |
| antibiotic side effect - ↑ risk for ___ infection | fungal |
| atropine used in severe symptomatic ___ | bradycardia |
| verapamil (Calan) use ↓ ___ ___ | heart rate |
| phenytoin (Dilantin) therapeutic level is ___ to ___mcg/mL | 10-20 |
| Diltizem (Cardizem) used for ___ ___ | supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) |
| Tocainide HCl (Tonocard) used to prevent ___ ___ | ventricular arrhythmias |
| Propranolol (Inderal) used to prevent/control ___ ___ (especially associated with excessive catecholamines | supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) |
| unconscious type 1 diabetic, best intervention administer ___ IM | glucagons |
| maximum IM injection into dorsogluteal site is ___mL | 3 |
| assess for ___ ___ when using phenobarbital (Luminal) | respiratory depression |
| potassium supplements - NO BOLUS (can cause FATAL HYPERKALEMIA), administer no faster than ___ mEq/hr, and no more than a total of ___ mEq/L (irritation, phlebitits, infiltration) | 10, 40 |
| creatine kinase normal range is ___ to ___ units/L | 22, 198 |
| therapeutic goal using heparin aPTT between ___ to ___ seconds | 60, 80 |
| testosterone IM, if used to correct delayed puberty → assess bone maturation with bi-annual x-rays of hand and wrist, monitor ___ ___ | liver function (can ↑ hypoglycemia, cause sleep apnea, exacerbate heart failure due to fluid retention) |
| Diphenoxylate & Atropine (Lomotil) caution in patients with ___ ___ | renal impairment ↓ elimination of atropine → ↑ anticholinergic effects of atropine like confusion |
| Loperamide (Imodium) use ___-___ | anti-diarrheal |
| Acetazolamide (Diamox) [diuretic] used for ___, ___, acute mountain sickness, ___; contraindicated in patients that are allergic to ___ | edema, epilepsy, glaucoma (↓ intraocular pressure by ↓ amount of aqueous humor in eye), sulfonamides |
| Metoprolol (Lopressor) [β-blocker] hold dose for ___, (sign of exacerbation of CHF) | dyspnea |
| Propanolol (Inderal) use for ___, ___, ___; side effects include ___/___, can block ___ | dysrhythmia, HTN, angina, bronchoconstriction/bronchospasm, glyconeogenesis |
| cephalosporins use with caution in patients with ___ impairment or ___ disorders | renal, bleeding |
| severe neck, face, back, tongue spasms | acute dystonia |
| late extrapyramidal symptoms affecting speech, eating, lip smacking | tardive diskenisia |
| Norgestrel (Ovrette) use for ___, side effects include excess progestin → weight gain from ↑ appetite, deficiency of progestin, late breakthrough bleeding, amenorrhea, excess estrogen → edema | contraception |
| Medroxyprogesterone (Provera contraindicated with smoking/tobacco products; risks ___ and cardiovascular complications; interventions use additional contraceptive measures w/antibiotic therapy | thromboembolism |
| Allopurinol (Zyloprim) used for ___; MofA ↓ serum uric acid levels & urinary uric acid secretion; precaution - avoid foods that acidify urine such as corn | gout |
| TB, multi drug treatment with ___, Rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol (for resistant strains) | Isoniazid (INH) |
| ACE inhibitor Lisinopril (Zestril) side effect - dry, persistent cough for 1-2 weeks medication should be ___ | discontinued |
| Furosemide (Lasix) [loop diuretic] check ___ ___ before giving to determine baseline; can cause ↓ BP by ↓ circulatory volume or by relaxing venous smooth muscle | blood pressure |
| Ticlopidine (Ticlid) used to prevent coronary artery thombosis, check ___ count | platelet |
| PRBC (packed red blood cells) used as blood replacement when ___ overload is a concern | fluid |
| interferon use prevents viral ___ | replication |
| Epoetin Alfa (Procrit) is used to treat ___. side effects include ___, ___, seizures r/t Hct rising too quickly | anemia, headache, hypertension |
| 3 signs of hypertensive crisis: flushed skin, ___, ___ changes | headache, visual |
| acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose, administer ___. Most effective if given shortly after ingestion; some protection up to 24 hrs. | Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) |
| Montelukast (Singulair) used to prevent asthma exacerbations, dose given daily at ___ | bedtime |
| Mannitol, caution with patients with ___ ___ (can precipitate CHF and pulmonary edema) | heart disease |
| opiate overdose causes respiratory depression, ___ antidote shorter acting, may need > 1 dose | Narcan |
| Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) precaution - avoid other CNS depressants such as ___, ___ | alcohol, benzodiazepines |
| anaphylaxis reaction signs and symptoms are ___, ___, ___ | bronchoconstriction, angioedema, hypotension |
| Zidovudine (Retrovir) used as a hematopoietic growth factor, acts on bone marrow to increase production of ___ ___ ___, take as prescribed to prevent resistance development, side effects inlude ___ ___ supression, ___, nephrotoxicity | red blood cells, bone marrow, hepatotoxicity |
| Gentamicin (Garamycin) aminoglycoside antibiotic, side effects ___ and ___ | nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity |
| psuedoephedrine (Sudafed) [sympathomimetic/decongestant] increases ___ ___, ___ rate and ___ rate, contraindicated in patients with ___ | blood pressure, heart, respiratory, hypertension |
| Acyclovir (Zovirax) side effect ___ | nephrotoxicity (crystallization of drug in nephron→ renal tubular obstruction) |
| Digoxin toxicity can be from ↓ ___ | K+ (hypokalemia) |
| Fluoxetine (Prozac), SSRI, effects may not be seen for weeks, dosage starts at ___ mg, can be increased after 2 wks gradually up to ___ mg/day divided into 2 doses | 20, 80 |
| Furosemide (lasix) is used for treatment of ___ in clients with renal dysfunction | hypertension |
| Mannitol (Osmitrol) is an osmotic diuretic and is not used in the treatment of ___ | hypertension |
| Cyclosporine (Neoral) mix w/ orange juice or milk to ↑ palatability in glass container (drug binds to plastic); grapefruit juice ___ cyclosporine levels & risk of toxicity; administer ___ | ↑, immediately (can separate & settle) |
| thiazide side effect ___, assess ___ ___ levels | hyperuricemia, uric acid |
| antilipemic - simvastatin (Zocor), side effects include ___ ___, aches, assess ___ ___ level | muscle weakness, creatine kinase (released w/severe muscle injury) |
| Amitriptyline (Elavil) [tricyclic antidepressant] side effects include ___ ___, sedation, confusion | orthostatic hypotension |
| narcotic (opiate) analgesic side effects include papillary constriction, ↓ ___ ___, ↓ ___ ___, ↓ GI motility | blood pressure, heart rate |
| Digoxin [cardiac glycoside] that ↓ heart rate, assess ___ heart rate for 1 minute, contact doctor if heart rate < ___ bpm | apical, 60 |
| Lorazepam (Ativan) [benzodiazepine] abrupt cessation can → ___ | seizures |
| asthma therapy, use___ (sympathomimetic drug) first to open up airways and allow other inhaled drugs to be dispersed further down bronchial tree | albuterol |
| Terbutaline (Brethine) side effect ___ | tachycardia |
| Oral Iron supplement adverse side effects are gastric irritation → ___, ___, vomiting, constipation | anorexia, nausea |
| Succinylcholine common side effect muscle ___ and ___ | pain, stiffness |
| HydroDIURIL [thiazide diuretic] side effect - may induce ___ | hyperglycemia (diabetics need to ↑ insulin) |
| early signs of hypoglycemia | confusion, dizziness, feeling shaky, hunger, headaches, irritability, pounding heart; racing pulse, pale skin, sweating, trembling, weakness, anxiety |
| Amitriptyline (Elavil) has an anticholinergic effect and may cause ___ retention | urinary |
| use of ___ and ___ should be avoided with Fluoxetine (Prozac) | NSAID's, anticoagulants |
| a nurse should tell a patient taking Bactrim DS (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) to ___ ___ to decrease the chance of renal damage from crystalluria | drink water |
| Prednisone (Deltasone) is a ___-term, oral asthma medication | short |
| effective hypothyroidism therapy would be indicated by T4 levels that are ___ to ___-___ range - 3mcg/dL is below the expected reference range and indicates therapy has not been effective | normal, high-normal |
| Montelukast (Singulair) can be taken with or without food, should be taken in the ___ | evening |
| prazosin (Minipress) can cause hypotension, this alpha-blocker can promote sodium retention so the patient should avoid ___ and use a ___ ___ | salt, salt substitute |
| Narcan (Naloxone) can increase bleeding, can cause nausea and vomiting, can reverse analgesic and sedative effects of opioids, can cause tachycardia, and should be repeated every ___ to ___ minutes until therapeutic response is achieved | 2, 3 |
| elanapril (Vasotec) and spironolactone (Aldactone) can cause ___kalemia | hyper |
| oral contraceptives can decrease the action of ___, but ___ does NOT effect oral contraceptives | Warfarin (Coumadin), Warfarin |
| Carbamazepine (Tegretol) causes accelerated inactivation of ___ ___ | oral contraceptives |
| Risedronate (Actonel) should be taken in the ___, 30 minutes before ___ | morning, breakfast |
| Haloperidol (Haldol) causes ___, an ___ symptom | akathisia, extrapyramidal |
| Interleukin-11 increases production of ___ | platelets |
| Tranylcypromine (Parnate) can cause ___ ___ | orthostatic hypotension |
| Exenatide (Byetta) can cause abdominal pain...may be indicative of ___ | pancreatitis |
| monitor ___ when patients are taking Zidovudine (retrovir) - may cause severe anemia | hemoglobin |
| patients taking lisinopril (Zestril) should be monitored for a ___ ___ | dry cough |
| a decrease in dose of nitroglycerin can ___ systolic blood pressure, an increase in nitroglycerin can ___ systolic blood pressure | raise, lower |
| tamoxifen (Nolvadex) can cause menstrual irregularities, ___ ___, and ___ ___ | hot flashes, vaginal discharge |
| beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR) | rinse mouth! |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ, Bactrim) serious side effect ___-___ ___ | Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
| Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) is a pure opioid agonist for severe ___ | pain |
| anticholinergics are broncho___ | dilators |
| fluid overload s/s | distended neck veins, ↑ BP, tachycardia, SOB, lung crackles, edema |
| extrapyramidal symptoms | abnormal body movements, often assoc. w/meds affecting CNS |
| anticholinergic S/E | dry mouth, photophobia, ↓ urination |
| older adults (65+) | ↑ gastric pH (alkaline), ↑ body fat, ↓ everything else (pretty much!) |
| serotonin syndrome s/s, begin after ___ to ___ hrs. after starting treatment | a d m i t - h a (l) f : Anxiety, Diaphoresis, Mental confusion, Incoordination, Tremors, Hallucinations, Agitation, (Lethal), Fever, 2 to 72 |
| betapace results in decreased ___ ___ and ___ ___ | ↓ BP, ↓ HR |
| Prozac take ___ instead of ___, monitor for: ___ ___ | acetaminophen, ibuprofen, sexual dysfunction |
| tyramine-rich foods | aged cheese, salami, avocados, figs, bananas, smoked fish, soy sauce, red wine, beers |
| phenelzine (Nardil) - MAOI, monitor for ___ ___ | orthostatic hypotension |
| blood pressure medications | Captopril, Enalapril, Enalaprilat, Fosinopril, Lisinopril, Ramipril |
| tricyclics | Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Doxepin, Nortriptyline, Amoxapine, Trimipramine |
| tricyclics can cause | orthostatic hypotension, anticholinergic effects (can't see, pee, spit, shit), dry mouth, blurred vision, photophobia, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia |
| anti-parkinson’s | levodopa, Sinemet, Mirapex, benztropine, Symmetrel, Requip, Parlodel, Artane |
| excess progestin may lead to ___ ___ | weight gain |
| azole antifungals can increase effects of ___ | Warfarin |
| Captopril can cause neutropenia, check ___ every 2 weeks for 3 months, increases risk for ___ – DO NOT USE A SALT SUBSTITUTE, take 1 hour before meals | WBC, hyperkalemia |
| akathisia is an extrapyramidal symptom that can be caused by ___ | haloperidol |
| patients with RA have an elevated ___ due to inflammation | ESR |
| Ceftin, check ___ and ___ levels | BUN, creatinine |
| INR rate is ___ to ___ for patients with MI or thromboembolism or a-fib | 2, 3 |
| INR rate is ___ to ___ for patients with mechanical heart valves | 3, 4.5 |
| take ___ at night, that’s when cholesterol production takes place | statins |
| Retrovir (zidovudine) can cause ___, monitor ___ levels | anemia, hemoglobin |
| increasing nitroglycerin can lower ___ ___ ___ | systolic blood pressure |
| Byetta can cause ___, watch for abdominal pain | pancreatitis |
| DM 1, check BG ___ to ___ times a day | 3, 5 |
| Warfarin increases ___ and heparin increases ___ | INR, aPTT |
| hydromorphone should be held if patients respiratory rate is below ___/minute | 12 |
| TSH target of ___ to ___ microunits/mL is appropriate range for hypothyroidism therapy | 0.5 to 2.0 |
| mannitol for hypovolemic shock should produce ___ to ___mL/hr of urine | 30, 50 |
| Dilantin (phenytoin) (for epilepsy) can cause rash that may lead to serious infection, can decrease effectiveness of ___ ___, notify ___ when on it | oral contraceptives, dentist |
| ___ is effective because it blocks synthesis of 4 clotting factors that are dependent on Vitamin K | Warfarin |
| cyclosporine can cause nephrotoxicity which is manifested as elevated ___ and ___ levels | BUN, creatinine |
| administration of blood products; short-term use (catheters), long-term use (infusion ports), ___-gauge for trauma clients, ___-gauge for surgical clients, ___ to ___ gauge for children, older adults, medical clients, stable postoperative | 16, 18, 22, 24 |
| SSRI's | Prozac, Celexa, Lexapro, Paxil, Zoloft |
| MAOIs should be discontinued for ___ ___ before taking SSRI | 14 days |
| Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Librium, Restoril - benzodiazepines for | anxiety, seizure, insomnia, muscle spasm, alcohol withdrawal, panic disorder, induction of anesthesia |
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