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PathoPharma
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aneurysm | A widening/ bulging blood vessel of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness |
| Atherosclerosis | Deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and other substances build up in the inner lining of an artery. Greek words athero (meaning gruel or paste) and sclerosis (hardness). |
| Atheroma | High concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) leading to artery occlusion. RESULTING IN Ischemic heart disease |
| Statin | Lipid-lowering drug |
| Anticoagulant | medicine that prevents or retards the clotting of blood |
| Secondary Hypertension | Condition brought on by decreased blood flow to the kidneys or decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) causes the production of angiotensin, a molecule that causes a generalized vasoconstriction and increased arterial pressure. |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | Disease causing inflammation and scarring of heart valve connective tissues, producing abnormal valvular function |
| Sinus Tachycardia | A rhythm that has consistent P waves, consistent P-R intervals, and a regular heart rate that is more than 100 beats/min |
| Myocardial Infarction | The occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)-complete blockage |
| Necrosis | Localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply) |
| Hypoxia | deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells causes angina |
| Embolus | A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream. |
| Thrombus | a stationary blood clot |
| Angina pectoris | Ischemic chest pain (in front of heart; precardium) that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen-some blockage |
| CABG | Coronary Artery Bypass Graft. A vein is taken from the leg and used to surgically bypass occlusions in the coronary arteries. |
| Atrioventricular Heart Block | Rhythmic but slow heart beat |
| Ventricular Fibrillation | Quivering ventricle resulting in no pulse, no BP, no breathing treated with defibrillation (more dangerous than atrial arrhythmias) |
| Cardiac Arrest | The heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood |
| Stenosis | Abnormal narrowing of a valve, artery, vein (any bodily passageway) does not allow full flow of blood-sounds like heart murmur |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | a congenital malformation of the heart involving four distinct defects - blue baby |
| Pericarditis | inflammation (itis) of the membrane surrounding (peri) the heart. |
| Cardiac Effusion | Build-up and Compression due to inflammation (itis) of the membrane surrounding (peri) the heart. |
| Hypertension | High Blood pressure affecting eyes, kidneys and brain 1st. |
| Shock | Bodily collapse caused by hypoxia of the cells |
| Abcess | Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Spinal Rheumatoid Arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae |
| Anticholinesterase agents | Cholinergic Blocking / Parasympatholytic / Vagolytic |
| Antihypertension drugs | Vasodilators, Alpha 2-adrenergic drugs, Alpha 1 blockers, Beta-Blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), Calcium channel blockers, Diuretics |
| Aortic Stenosis | Narrowing, pertaining to aorta |
| Atherosclerosis | A stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls |
| Atriventricular Valves | Bicuspid, tricuspid, blood from atrium to ventricles, valve that controls the one-way flow of blood through the heart |
| Atrophy | any weakening or degeneration (especially through lack of use) |
| B-cell lymphoma | Malignant lymphomas, Non-Hodgkin's (B - cell more aggressive) |
| Lymphoma | A neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant |
| Bronchogenic Carcinoma | Lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi |
| Carcinoma | A neoplasm derived from epithelial tissue such as skin or the lining of the intestinal tract that is usually malignant. |
| Cancer | any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division |
| Cystic Fibrosis | The most common congenital disease where a child's lungs, intestines and pancreas become clogged with thick mucus; there is no cure |
| Digoxin | Digitalis- used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia |
| Dysplasia | Abnormal development (of organs or cells) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth often precurser to cancer |
| Edema | Puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid |
| Endometrial Carcinoma | Cancer of the uterine lining an epithelial tissue |
| Endometriosis | Endometrial tissues escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity |
| endometrium | Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus normally shed each month |
| Epithelial cells | Skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surfaces of organs |
| Etiology | Study of the cause of disease |
| Epidural Hematoma | Collection of blood in the space between the skull and dura mater |
| Fat Emboli | Fat from marrow of broken bone that travels in the bloodstream to the hrt or lungs |
| Furosemide | Commonly used diuretic (trade name Lasix) used to treat hypertension and edema |
| Cutaneous Vasodilation | In response to overheating, the veins dilate to lose excess heat |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells |
| Hodgkin's Lymphoma | Multiple, scattered, enlarged and painless lymph nodes Distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells |
| Hypertrophy of the Heart | Increase in the SIZE of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass. this increase may be caused by additional work by the tissue, as demonstrated by an enlarged heart muscle. "cardiomyopathy" |
| Kaposi's Sarcoma | malignant tumor of the blood vessels associated with AIDS |
| Left Ventricular | The most common clinical manifestation of heart failure is _____ __________ failure |
| Lesion | Pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury |
| Leukemia | Malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues, cancer characterized by an increase in abnormal white blood cells |
| Malignant Neoplasm | Tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body |
| Low Density Lipoproteins | Lipoproteins that carry fat and cholesterol from the liver, where they are made, to the tissues where they are used. LDLs also deposit cholesterol in arteries, forming plaques |
| Local Vasoconstriction | Capillaries near site of injury close down |
| Iatrogenic | An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug |
| Phagocytosis | Ingestion of foreign material or cell debris by leukocytes |
| Zidovudine | An agent often used in the treatment of AIDS |
| Staphylococci | Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters |
| Varicella | Chickenpox |
| Humoral immunity | Immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte |
| Cell-mediated immunity | Immunity involving T lymphocytes |
| Glucocorticoids | Treat inflammation because they directly decrease capillary permeability. Used to treat allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and sepsis or inflammation |
| Nosocomial infection | Infection acquired in a hospital or medical facility |
| Macrophages | Process and present antigens from foreign material |
| Opportunistic infection | May develop when a member of resident flora migrates and colonizes a new location in the body |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Skin cancer |
| Hemostasis | Clot formation to stop bleeding |
| Hematocrit | Volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood. |
| Epoetin Alfa | Agent used to treat the Anemia that often occurs after chemotherapy |
| Methyltestosterone | Treats breast cancer in post meno women |
| Hydroxyurea | Interferes with the formation of DNA |
| Petechiae and purpura are common signs of | Increased bleeding tendencies |
| What is the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors based on? | Degree of differentiation of the cells |
| Radiation therapy destroys | Rapidly dividing cells |
| Common local effects of an expanding tumor mass | Obstruction of a tube or duct and cell necrosis and ulceration |
| Common predisposing factor to leukemia? | Exposure to radiation |
| Pernicious anemia | Decrease in red blood cells when intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 |
| An enzyme used in cancer chemotherapy | Pegaspargase |
| Maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration | Vital Capacity |
| What drug is taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion? | Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA or Aspirin) |
| Infant respiratory distress syndrome results from | Insufficient surfactant production prevents adequate lung expansion resulting in hypoxia and fluid accumulating in alveoli |
| What is the most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction? | Cardiac Arrhythmias |
| Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest? | Insufficient blood volume is supplied to the Myocardium |
| Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as | Autosomal recessive gene |
| Persistent thick mucus in the bronchioles of a child with cystic fibrosis may cause | Air trapping, atelectasis, repeated infections, and irreversible damage to tissue |
| Collapse of part or (much less commonly) all of a lung | Atelectasis |
| Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in | reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions |
| Early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction | Persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse |
| Basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction | Total obstruction of a coronary artery that causes myocardial necrosis |
| Cause of chronic bronchitis | Chronic irritation, inflammation, and infection of the larger airways |
| Several ribs are fractured at two sites | Flail Chest |
| Common source of a pulmonary embolus | Thrombus forming in the femoral veins (grandma) |
| What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause? | Angina attack |
| Ischemia | Restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism |
| Parietal Peritoneum | The serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity is attached to the abdominal wall. |
| Visceral Peritoneum | A serous membrane that forms the Outer covering of the stomach and intestines and all internal organs located inside the intraperitoneal space |
| Achalasia | Lack of a nerve plexus to relax the lower esophageal sphincter |
| Extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of Portal Hypertension | Esophageal varices |
| Gallbladder | Colecyst aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. |
| Following a Colecystectomy | Small amounts of bile are continuously secreted and flow into the duodenum following a cholecystectomy. |
| Furosemide and Hydrochlorothiazide | Diuretics and Antihypertensives that remove sodium, K+ and water |
| The functional unit of the kidney | Nephron |
| ___________ is the involuntary discharge of urine and usually occurs at night | Enuresis |
| Result of an obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus (stone)? | An attack of renal colic |
| A cathartic may be necessary if: | There is discomfort associated with elimination |
| A frequent cause of peptic ulcer disease is: | Helicobacter pylori infection |
| Oral candidiasis is considered to be: | An opportunistic fungal infection of the mouth |
| An agent used to promote weight loss is: | Orlistat |
| What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis? | An ascending infection by E. coli |
| What does esophageal atresia cause? | No fluid or food to enter the stomach because the esophagus is not attached to the stomach (CONGENITAL DEFECT) |
| The primary site for absorption of nutrients | Ileum |
| Addison"s Disease | A Deficit of Adrenocortical Hormones (cortisol) leads to hypotension, hypoglycemia and cardiac arrhythmias (opposite of Cushing"s Syndrome) |
| Progressive degenarative condition involving loss of upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal chord leading to paralysis | Amytrophic lateral sclerosis |
| Systemic hypersensitivity causing circulatory shock and airway obstruction | Anaphalaxis |
| Basilar Fracture | A fracture of the base of the skull, typically involving the temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone |
| A CVA or stroke is an infarction of brain tissue resulting from a thrombus, embolus or hemorrhage causing brain tissue loss | Cerebrovascular Accident |
| Formation of Gallstones (cholesterol or bilirubin) which may form in the bile | Cholelithiasis |
| Bone fracture, as in a crushed or splintered bone | Comminuted |
| Coumadin | Used orally following intravenous heparin anticoagulant therapy |
| Excessive Adrenocortical Hormone (cortisol) secreted by adrenal glands cause catabolic effects on tissues, increased risk of infection and hypertension (opposite of Addison"s) | Cushing"s Syndrome or Hypercorticolism |
| Causes of Detached Retina | Tears from myopia, aging, scar tissue or tension |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Deficit of insulin leads to Hyperglycemia |
| Diabetes insipidus | Deficit of antidiuretic hormone results in dehydration |
| Encephalitis | Acute inflammation of the brain |
| Anaerobic parasitic protozoan | Entamoeba histolytica |
| Epidural space | Contains lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose fatty tissue, small arteries, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called |
| Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. | Four basic types of animal tissue |
| Tissue type lining cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. | Epithelial tissue |
| Impetigo | Highly contagious staph infection around mouth |
| Histamine | An amino acid which produces allergic symptoms |
| Inherited atrophy of brain tissue affecting motor and cognitive functions | Huntington"s Disease |
| Fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and partially breaks | Greenstick Fracture |
| Refers to the black, "tarry" feces that are associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage | Melena |
| Neutropenia | Decrease in number of neutrophils |
| Most abundant type of white blood cell (Granulocyte) | Neutrophil |
| Prostglandins | Short-acting localized hormones produced enzymatically with fatty-acid lipids at the site where needed |
| Spina Bifida | Congenital defect in which Vertebrae do not fuse correctly allowing the meninges, CSF and nerve tissue to protrude |
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | Viral infection causing severe congestion in the lung and hypoxia |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Skin cancer usually related to sun exposure |
| A protein secreted by streptococci can bind and activate human plasminogen and is used as an effective and inexpensive thrombolysis medication in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and pulmonary embolism. | Streptokinase |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | Autoimmune disease causing the immune system to attack the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage |
| Immune cells accumulate, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes. | Type III hypersensitivity |
| Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - the antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the patient's own cell surfaces | Type II hypersensitivity |
| Immediate hypersensitivity- an allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen | Type I hypersensitivity |
| Delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes two to three days to develop. Not antibody mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. | Type IV hypersensitivity |
| Thalassemia | Genetic defect in Hemoglobuin causes premature hemolysis of RBC resulting in anemia |
| Trichomoniasis | Localized STD protozoan infection |
| Fat-soluble vitamin needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins required for blood coagulation and in metabolic pathways in bone and other tissue. | Vitamin K |
| Beta-blockers | Class of drugs used for blocking the adrenergic (adrenalin) receptors in the sympathetic nervous system used to treat cardiac arrhythmias and after myocardial infarction |
| Tear in a ligament causing injury to a joint | Sprain |
| Pruritus | Itching |
| A fracture of the distal radius in the forearm with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand | Colles' fracture |
| A condition of severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, vomiting or excessive exercise | Insulin shock |
| A rare bacterial infection of the deeper layers of skin and subcutaneous tissues causing extensive tissue necrosis and toxic shock | Acute necrotizing fasciitis |
| Crepitus | Term to describe the grating, crackling or popping sounds and sensations experienced under the skin and joints. |
| Pediculosis | Diagnosed by the presence of nits at the base of hair shafts |
| Blood vessels and nerves ARE found | Dermis, subcutaneous tissue, fatty tissue NOT Epidermis |
| Fibromyalgia syndrome | Specific trigger points for pain and tenderness |
| Caused by increased mitosis and shedding of epithelium | Psoriasis |
| A raised, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid | Vesicle |
| Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics? | Necrosis and gangrene in the legs |
| Characteristics of Cushing’s syndrome | heavy body and round face, atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs, atrophy of the lymph nodes |
| Mites burrowing into the epidermis | Scabies |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Systemic inflammatory disorder due to an autoimmune reaction |
| Early significant signs of acute prostatitis | Soft, tender, enlarged gland and dysuria |
| Typical signs of hydrocephalus in the neonate | Enlarged head with bulging fontanels, irritability and feeding difficulties, eyes are turned downward with sclerae showing above the pupils |
| Tunica vaginalis | Serous covering of the testis |
| The perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound; first sign of ototoxicity from drugs or chemicals | Tinnitus |
| Impairment of language ability | Aphasia |
| Hydrocele | Excessive fluid collecting between the layers of the Tunica vaginalis |
| Inner Ear | Organ of Corti and semicircular canals |
| The tumor stretches the meninges and blood vessel walls | Why a brain tumor causes a headache |
| What causes a herniated intervertebral disc? | A protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosis |
| Irregular curvature of the cornea or lens | Astigmatism |
| Vaginal candidiasis | Yeast Infection not classified as an STD |
| The common first site for metastasis from prostatic cancer | Bone |
| Systemic STD infection | Syphilis |
| Probable source of an embolus causing a CVA | An embolus from the common carotid artery |
| Metrorrhagia | Bleeding between menstrual periods |
| What causes myelomeningocele? | Herniation of the meninges, CSF, and spinal cord or nerves through the vertebral defect |
| A hard nodule in the peripheral area of the prostate gland | Typical of a malignant tumor |
| Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize | Outside the CNS |
| Diverticulitis | Dysphasia from fold in Intestine collecting food particles gradual obstruction |
| Fibrosis | Limited movement and loss of elasticity can cause Dysphasia when in digestive canal - limited movement when in a joint |
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula or Atresia | Esophagus has a slit over to the trachea and food and liquid can go over to the air passageways causing Dysphasia |
| Hiatal Hernia | Stomach is pulled above diaphragm (hiatus is the normal opening in the diaphragm) |
| Chemical Peritonitis | Infection and inflammation of the peritoneal membranes(around organs and body cavity) when stomach, spleen, gallbladder or bladder leak through a perforation |
| Ascites | Type of Edema in trunk or torso area - anywhere peritoneal membranes may become infected or inflamed |
| Bacterial Peritonitis | Infection and inflammation of the peritoneal membranes (around organs and body cavity) when appendix, intestine leak or rupture. Usually bacterial follows chemical because the chemical has weakened or perforated organ walls. |
| Pancreatitis | Releases active enzymes in places where they should not be like the peritoneal cavity |
| Choledocholithiasis | Gallstones obstructing the Bile or bilary tract or duct |
| Cirrhosis | Extensive fibrosis of the liver linked to necrosis and inflamation which obstructs blood flow |
| Krohn"s Disease | Ilium is swollen and does not absorb the proteins and vitamins |
| Inguinal | Groin area |
| Inguinal Hernia | Intestine has ballooned through the muscle wall into the Inguinal space of the groin |
| Urethra | Exit body |
| Cystitis | Bladder itis or fibrosis |
| Glomerulonephritis | Infection inside glomerolus of Kidney itis or fibrosis |
| Pyelonephritis | Infection or inflammation and fibrosis of channel to kidney (ureter) and outside surfaces |
| A 'water pill,' is used to treat high blood pressure and fluid retention caused by various conditions, including heart disease. It causes the kidneys to get rid of unneeded water and salt from the body into the urine | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| Osteodystrophy | Failing Kidneys do not process vitamin D needed for calcium and phosphate absorption to the bones |
| Electrocardiogram | Shows signature electrical activity of the heart and can quantify electrolyte effects and imbalances based on polarizing electric signal response |
| Hyper/Hypokalemia | Potassium Imbalance |
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