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Rad 120 Postioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the foot? | 26 |
| How many phalanges are in the foot? | 14 |
| How many tarsals are in the foot? | 7 |
| How many metatarsals are in the foor? | 5 |
| For descriptive purposes what are the divisions of the foot? | forefoot, midfoot,and hindfoot |
| What does the forefoot include? | metatarsals and the toes |
| What does the midfoot include? | 5 tarsal bones |
| What are the 5 tarsal bones? | Navicular, talus, medial cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and intermediate cunieform |
| What does the hindfot include? | calcaneous and the talus |
| What are the names for the two arches that the foot bones form? | longitudinal and transverse arches |
| What is the function of the longitudinal arch? | acts as a shock absorber to distribute the weight of the body in all directions which permits a smooth walk. |
| What is the function of the transverse arch? | It runs from side to side and assists in supporting the longitudinal arch |
| What is the term used for the superior surface of the foot? | dorsum or dorsal surface |
| What is the term for the inferior or posterior aspect of the foot? | plantar surface |
| How many phalanges does the great toe consist of? | 2 |
| How many phalanges does the 2nd through 5th digit of the toes have? | 3 in each |
| What is the expanded proximal end of the metatarsals called? | the base |
| What is the small, rounded distal ends of the metatarsals called? | The head |
| What metatarsal is the shortest and the thickest? | The first metatarsal |
| What metatarsal is the longest? | second metatarsal |
| The base of the fifth metatarsal consists of what? | a prominent tuberosity |
| Where is the most common site of fractures in the toes? | in the prominent tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal |
| What are the names of the 7 tarsal bones in the foot? | calcaneous, talus, navicular, cubiod, medial cuneiform, intermediate cunieform, and lateral cunieform |
| what is the largest and strongest tarsal bone? | calcaneous |
| What is another name for the calaneous? | os calcis |
| What is the prjection of the calcaneous? | posteriorly and medially at the distal part of the foot |
| Where is the long axis of the calcaneous directed? | inferiorly |
| What does the calcaneous form? | approximately a 30 degree angle |
| What does the posterior and inferior portion of the calcaneous contain? | the posterior tuberosity |
| superiorly what joins with the talus? | 3 articular facets |
| what are the facets called? | anterior, middle, and posterior facets |
| What is the groove of the the posterior talar articular facet(calcaneal sulcus) and the groove of the inferior surface of the talus called? | Sinus tarsi |
| what is the shelflike overhang of the calcaneous called? | Sustentaculum tali |
| what does the lateral surface of the calcaneous contain? | the trochlea |
| Second largest tarsal bone is called | talus |
| What does the talus articulate with? | tibia, fibula, calcaneous, and the navicular bone |
| Where is the head of the talus directed and what does it join? | anteriorly and has articular surfaces that join the navicular bone and the calcaneous |
| What forms the roof of the sinus tarsi? | sulcus tali |
| What bone lies on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneous and the 4th and 5th metatarsal? | cuboid |
| what bone lies on the medial side of the foot between the talus and 3 cuneiforms? | navicular bone |
| What lies at the central and medial aspect of the foot between the navicular bone and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd metatarsals | the cuneiforms |
| which is the largest cuneiform? | the medial cuneiform |
| what is the smallest cuneiform? | the intermediate cunieform |
| What is the bone called that lies beneath the head of the 1st metatarsal on the plantar surface of the foot | the seasmoid bones |
| How are the seasmoid bones attached? | They are actually detached from the foot and embedded within two tendons |
| What are the two bones that make up the leg? | tibia and fibula |
| This is the second largest bone in the body? | tibia |
| Where is the tibia situated and what is it know as? | on the medial side of the leg and is the weight bearing bone |
| What does the tibia consist of? | one body and two expanded extremeties |
| what is the slope of the tibial plateaus | 10-20 degrees posteriorly |
| What is the process called that is at the distal end of the tibia and medial surface called | medial malleolus |
| The anterolateral surface of the tibia is called the | anterior tubercle |
| The surface under the distal tibia is smooth and shaped for articulation with | the talus |
| Is the slender bone of the leg that contains one body and two articular extermities | fibula |
| what does the head of the fibula artculate with | the lateral condyle of the tibia |
| the lateroposterior aspect of the head of the fibula is a conic projection called the | apex |
| what is the enlarged distal end of the fibula called | lateral malleolus |
| where does the lateral malleolus lie | approximately 15-20 degrees more posteriorly than the medial malleolus |
| What is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body | the femur |
| Where do the condyles lie when the femur is vertical | the medial condyle is lower than the lateral condyle |
| How many degrees are between the two condyles of the femur | 5 to 7 degrees |
| When doing an x-ray on the knee how to you angle the central ray to open up the joint spaces and why | 5 to 7 degrees cephalad because of the 5 to 7 degree between the condyles |
| What does the superior portion of the femur articulate with | the acetabulum of the hip joint |
| Anteriorly what are the medial and lateral condyles of the distal portion of the femur seperated by | the patellar surface |
| a shallow triangular depression | patellar surface |
| a deep depression | intercondylar fossa |
| why is it important to identify the tubercle of the lateral knee on a radiograph | it identifies overrotation and underrotation |
| what passes through the trochlear groove | the popliteal blood vessels and nerves |
| another name for knee cap | patella |
| largest most constant seasmoid bone | patella |
| when does the patella develop tendon for the quadriceps femoris muscles | between age 3 and 5 |
| what is the most complex joint in the human body | knee joint |
| The articulation between the phalanges | interphalangeal articulation |
| what type joint is an interphalangeal joint | hinge joint, synovial tissue that is freely moveable and provides only flexion and extension |
| What is the articualtion between the middle and proximal phalanges | proximal interphalangeal jionts |
| what is the joint in the greeat toe called | interphalangeal joint |
| The calcaneous supports the _____ | talus |
| Anteriorly the calcaneous articulates with | the cuboid to form the calcaneocuboid joint |
| the talus articuates with | the navicular bone anteriorly, supports the tibia above, and articulates with the tbia and fibula at its sides |
| the tibia articulates with the | fibula called the tibiofibular joint |
| The patella articulates with | the patella surface of the femur and is called the patellofemoral joint |
| what is the largest joint of the body | the femorotibial joint or knee joint |
| What is the IR for the AP, PA, AP Oblique, and lateral projection of the toes | 8x10 |
| How do you position the patient in an AP projection | seated or supine on the table |
| What is the central ray for an AP, PA, AP Oblique and lateral projection | perpendicular |
| Where is the central centered on an AP, PA, and AP Oblique projection of the toes | 3rd MTP joint |
| what is the collimation of an AP, PA, and AP Oblique projection of the toes | 1 inch on all sides of the toes inculding 1 inch proximal to the MTP joint |
| How do you position the patient in a PA projection of the toes | Prone on table with foot on IR |
| Patients should lie how for a lateral projection of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toe | affected side(lateral recumbent) |
| patients should lie on what side for a lateral projection of the great toe and 2nd toe | unaffected side(recumbent side) |
| where is the central ray centered on a lateral projection of the toes | enter at the IP joint of the great toe or proximal IP joint of the lesser toes |
| What is the degree of angulation on the foot or toes in an AP oblique toe projection | 30 to 45 degree angle |
| what is the central ray angle on an AP axial projection of the toes | 15 degree posteriorly or toward the heel |
| What structures are shown on an AP axial and the PA projection of the toes | 14 phalanges, distal portion of all metatarsals, and the IP JOints |
| What structures are shown on an AP oblique and AP projection of the toes | 14 phalanges, distal portion of all metatarsals |
| What structures are shown on a Lateral projection of the toes | Lateral projection of phalanges of the toes and IR articulation projected free of the other toes |
| When evaulating an Ap projection of the toes what do you see | proper collimation, no rotation, soft tissue and midshaft concavity equal on both sides, toes seperated,distal metatarsal,soft tissue and bony trabecular detail |
| When evaulating an AP axial projection of the toes what do you see | proper collimation, no rotation, soft tissue and midshaft equal on both sides, toes seperated,distal metatarsal,soft tissue and bony trabecular detail, and open IP and MTP joint space |
| When evaulating an PA projection of the toes what do you see | proper collimation, no rotation, soft tissue and midshaft concavity equal on both sides,distal metatarsal, soft tissue and bony trabecular detail, and open IP and axial joint spaces |
| When evaluating an AP obligue toe what should you see | proper collimation, oblique toes and more midshaft concavity on all sides, open IR and 2nd-5th MTP, 1st MTP, toes seperated, distal portion of all metatarsals, soft tissue and bony trabecular detail |
| When evaluating the lateral toe projection what should you see | proper collimation, phalanges in profile(toenail should appear lateral), phalanx without superimposition, IP joint spaces open, MTP joints overlap, soft tissue and bony trabecular detail |
| Avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus with loss of the ankle mortise | Pott fracture |
| Avulsion fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal | jones fracture |
| hereditary form of arthritis in which uric acid is deposited into the joints | Gout |
| What is the SID for all projections of the toes | 40 inches |
| What makes up the lower limb | foot, leg, thigh, hip |
| where does the CR enter in a plantodorsal projection of the calcaneous | 3rd metatarsal base |
| The anterior surface of the talus articulates with the | navicular bone |
| What does the tangential projection show | The sesamoid bones in profile |
| rotate the leg medially for what projection | A lateral projection of the foot |
| What joint is a ball & socket joint in the foot | talocalcanavicular joint |
| What projection has a 10 degree posterior angle to show the TMT joint | AP or AP axial of the foot |
| What is the CR entering for the foot | 3rd metatarsal base of the foot |
| What is the oblique projection of the foot | AP Oblique projection with medial rotation |
| What is the degree rotation for an Oblique foot projection | 30 degrees |
| What is the rotation of the toes in an Oblique projection | 30 to 45 degrees |
| What is the CR entering for an AP Oblique is | perpendicular to the 3rd metatarsal base |
| Why to you medially rotate for an AP Oblique projection of the foot | to show the cubiod |
| Where is the CR directed in a lateral foot | perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatersal base |
| What is the most common postion of the patient for a mediolateral rotation of the foot | recumbent |
| The structical status of the longitudital arch is best demonstrated in what projections | lateromedial and AP Axial projections(weight-bearing) |
| What is the CR angle for the lateral calcaneous projection | 0 degrees |
| What is the CR angle for an Axial calcaneous projection | 40 degrees |
| What is the central projection for a mediolateral and lateral projection of the calcaneous | Axial plantodorsal |
| The axial plantarsurface of the calcaneous should be in what relation to the IR | 90 degrees |
| What is the CR pojection of the lateral calcaneous | 0 degrees |
| What is the essential lateral projection of the calcaneous | mediolateral |
| What is the CR angle of the axial toe projection | 15 degrees |
| Compensating filters benefits from the | calcaneous and the foot |
| What is the common projection of the foot and calcaneous | mediolateral |
| Where is the CR located on on a lateral projection of the calcaneous | 1 inch distal to the medial mallelous |
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atesta0824
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