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Psyc1010_chapter 8

Chapter 8- remembering & judging

QuestionAnswer
"Memory" Ability to store & retrieve information over time.
"Cognition" Processes of acquiring & using knowledge.
What are the two major interests of cognitive psychologists, an cognitive approach in school of psychology during 1960's? Memory & Cognition
What are the two types of memory? Explicit & Implicit
How many stages of memory are there? What stages are they? Three; Sensory, Short-term, Long-term
How do memory process? Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
"Explicit Memory" Knowledge/experiences that can be consciously remembered.
Two types of "explicit memory" are: Episodic Semantic
Define "Episodic" one of explicit memory: Explicit memory 1st-hand experiences that we have had (Personally experienced events)
Define "semantic" one of explicit memory: Explicit memory about our knowledge of facts & concepts about the world. (Facts & general knowledge)
"Implicit Memory" Influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those influences. (refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access)
What are the 3 general types of "implicit memory: Procedural memory Priming Learning through classical conditioning
Define "procedural memory" one of the general implicit memory: Refers to our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things.
Define "priming" one of the general implicit memory: Changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently/recently.
"Recall Memory Test" Measure of "explicit memory" -involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered
"Relearning" (savings) Measure of "explicit memory" -involves assessing how much more quickly information is processed/learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten.
"Recognition Memory Test" Measure of "explicit memory" - involves determining whether information has been seen/learned before.
"Sensory Memory" Brief storage of sensory information
"Iconic Memory" VISUAL sensory memory
"Echoic Memory" AUDITORY sensory memory
"Short-Term Memory" (STM) Where small amount of info can be kept for more than a few seconds but less than 1min.
"Working Memory" Processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, & store information in "STM"
"Maintenance Rehearsal" Process of repeating info mentally/out loud with the goal of keeping in short-term memory (STM)
"Chunking" Process of organizing info into smaller groupings, increasing the # of items that can be held in STM
"Long-Term Memory" (LTM) Memory storage that can hold info for days, months & years.
Encoding process which we place experience into memory
Elaborative Encoding Learning by processing new info in ways that make it more relevant
Spacing Effect Fact: learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time
Retrieval process of reactivating info that has been stored in memory
"Tip of the tongue phenomenon" experience of knowing something trying to recall, but can't remember/ quite come up with it
Context-Dependent Learning Increase in retrieval when external situation in which info is encoded/learned matches the situation in which its remembered
State-Dependent Learning Increase in retrieval- occurs when the person is tested in the same physiological/psychological state as during encoding
Primary Effect better remember stimuli that are presented earlier/beginning of list
Recency Effect better remember stimuli that are presented later/end of list
Retroactive Interference learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve info that was learned earlier (works back-ward/ forward way)
Proactive Interference when earlier learning impairs our ability to encode info that we try to learn later. (works in forward direction)
Category network- associated memories that have features in common w/each other
Prototype member of the category that is most average/typical of the category
Schema pattern of knowledge in LTM that helps organize info
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) Development of memory: strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons
Amnesia memory disorder- involves inability 2 remember info
Retrograde Amnesia memory disorder- inability to retrieve events that occurred b4 a given time
Anterograde Amnesia memory disorder- inability 2 transfer info from short-term to long-term memory
Created by: LeTran
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