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Psyc1010

Chapter 7

QuestionAnswer
Define "learning" in psychology. Permanent change in knowledge/behavior that is the result of experience.
For behaviorists, the fundamental aspect of learning is the process of "conditioning". Define conditioning. ability to connect stimuli (changes occur in the environment) with responses (behavior or other action).
What type of research Ivan Pavlov known for? Identified a fundamental associative learning process "classical conditioning.
Define Classical Conditioning. Examples: Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior.
What are the different types of stimulus & response. 1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) 2. Unconditioned Response (US) 3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) 4. Conditioned Response (CR)
What is the definition to "unconditioned stimulus (US)? Example: Something that naturally triggers a response. Food= unconditioned stimulus
Definition of "unconditioned response" (UR). Example: Naturally occurring response that follow the unconditioned stimulus. Food-unconditioned stimulus = salivation-"unconditioned response"
Define Conditioned Stimulus (CS. Give an example. Neutral stimulus which after being repeatedly associated/repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus that begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. Dog Dish-"conditioned stimulus" (presented/associated with food)
Condition Response (CR) is what? Acquired response to the formerly/ associated to neutral stimulus. Dog Dish-conditioned stimulus = Salivation-Conditioned Response (since dog associates when sees dish, food will follow soon after)
Extinction of Conditioning: What is "extinction"? Reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
Define "spontaneous recovery": Increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus after a pause that follows extinction.
"Generalization" refers to? The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus.
"Discrimination" in conditioning: Tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical.
Define "Second-order Conditioning": An existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulus.
What is the classical conditioning of "Phobia"? Strong & irrational fear of a specific object, activity/ situation.
Changing behavior through reinforcement and punishment is what type of conditioning? "Operant Conditioning"
Define "operant conditioning": Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior.
Who was the first scientist to study "operant conditioning" and used cats in his observation? Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
Thorndike's research led him develop the "law of effect". Define Law of Effect: Principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situatio
"Skinner box/Operant chamber" Structure used to study operant learning in small animals.
What method did Skinner studied animals' behavior? "reinforcement & punishment" with the processes of operant learning.
Define "reinforcer" in operant conditioning: Any event that strengthens/ increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Define "punisher' in operant conditioning: Any event that weakens/ decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Created by: LeTran
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