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Psyc1010
Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define "learning" in psychology. | Permanent change in knowledge/behavior that is the result of experience. |
| For behaviorists, the fundamental aspect of learning is the process of "conditioning". Define conditioning. | ability to connect stimuli (changes occur in the environment) with responses (behavior or other action). |
| What type of research Ivan Pavlov known for? | Identified a fundamental associative learning process "classical conditioning. |
| Define Classical Conditioning. Examples: | Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior. |
| What are the different types of stimulus & response. | 1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) 2. Unconditioned Response (US) 3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) 4. Conditioned Response (CR) |
| What is the definition to "unconditioned stimulus (US)? Example: | Something that naturally triggers a response. Food= unconditioned stimulus |
| Definition of "unconditioned response" (UR). Example: | Naturally occurring response that follow the unconditioned stimulus. Food-unconditioned stimulus = salivation-"unconditioned response" |
| Define Conditioned Stimulus (CS. Give an example. | Neutral stimulus which after being repeatedly associated/repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus that begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. Dog Dish-"conditioned stimulus" (presented/associated with food) |
| Condition Response (CR) is what? | Acquired response to the formerly/ associated to neutral stimulus. Dog Dish-conditioned stimulus = Salivation-Conditioned Response (since dog associates when sees dish, food will follow soon after) |
| Extinction of Conditioning: What is "extinction"? | Reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Define "spontaneous recovery": | Increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus after a pause that follows extinction. |
| "Generalization" refers to? | The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. |
| "Discrimination" in conditioning: | Tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical. |
| Define "Second-order Conditioning": | An existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulus. |
| What is the classical conditioning of "Phobia"? | Strong & irrational fear of a specific object, activity/ situation. |
| Changing behavior through reinforcement and punishment is what type of conditioning? | "Operant Conditioning" |
| Define "operant conditioning": | Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior. |
| Who was the first scientist to study "operant conditioning" and used cats in his observation? | Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) |
| Thorndike's research led him develop the "law of effect". Define Law of Effect: | Principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situatio |
| "Skinner box/Operant chamber" | Structure used to study operant learning in small animals. |
| What method did Skinner studied animals' behavior? | "reinforcement & punishment" with the processes of operant learning. |
| Define "reinforcer" in operant conditioning: | Any event that strengthens/ increases the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Define "punisher' in operant conditioning: | Any event that weakens/ decreases the likelihood of a behavior. |
Created by:
LeTran
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