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Culture Midterm
Personality and Culture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The field of culture and personality is concerned with: | The ways in which the culture of a society influences the persons who grow up within it |
| A fundamental issue of cross-cultural psychological research is that: | Most propositions of personality and human behavior have been established from a western perspective. This is not universal it has a limited scope and we fail when we treat other cultures as if it where from a Western point of view. |
| Cultural learning depends on: | Individual situation learning→ personal experiences. Social situational learning→ learning through peers, social situations, jobs, etc., and Cultural learning→ culture gives meaning to symbols- culture is unique to humans (symbols) |
| Enculturation into a particular society involves: | Conscious and unconscious learning. Through interaction with others. Is an internalization of cultural tradition. It is taught directly and indirectly and also transmitted through observation. |
| When it is said that culture is patterned it means that: | set of core values, and culture customs, that will affect other elements. Also, sharing certain personality traits, communication styles, conflict resolution alternatives. (passed down from one generation to the next) |
| Ethnocentrism is | The tendency to view one’s culture as superior and to apply one’s one cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures |
| Cultural relativism is | The argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another (Opposite of ethnocentrism). |
| One way to distinguish normality vs. pathology implies that behavior is judged primarily by its impact on the individual, others and the environment. Which of the following best describes this interpretation: | By assessment of function (condition that provides healthy function or unhealthy dysfunction.) |
| Normality vs. Pathology can be distinguished by: | By agreement of experts (distinguished clearly by the nature of the phenomena. Certain conditions are absolutely pathological in nature.) By deviation from the mean, and By social judgment. |
| If the variable of the socio-cultural environment favors the development of a certain psychopathology, that pathology will be: | that pathology will be more prevalent; if not, it will be less prevalent |
| Abram Kardiner’s concept of ‘basic personality structure’ focuses on: | Focus on the role played by deeply unconscious motives whose play facilitates or hampers survival and other adaptive takes in charge of the ego. A basic personality arises out of common experiences. (psychoanalytic) |
| According to Abram Kardiner, ‘primary institutions’ will: | leave lasting, unconscious traces in feelings that set up strong needs for |
| According to Abram Kardiner, ‘secondary institutions’ will: | Secondary institutions and similar expressive behavior allow people to maintain relative equilibrium by periodically discharging accumulated tension emanating from those enduring traces of unhappy early experiences…” Art Music Dance |
| the origins or birth of psychological anthropology and cross-cultural studies: | departure form racist interpretations, “scientific” approach |
| A significant criticism of Ruth Benedict’s Patterns of Culture is that: | Cultures are not as homogenous as she proposed o There is a high degree of intra-cultural variation o She doesn’t explain this intra-cultural variation |
| In her 1934 book titled Patterns of Culture, the anthropologist Ruth Benedict explained the congruency between personality and culture in terms of: | on culture rather than on the individual. She used a configurations approach (every culture is configured around certain themes. Those themes make the cultures unique). She used Nietzche's 2 approaches to existence: Dionysion and Apollonian. |
| Cross-cultural validation studies imply that: | variables of interest in one culture are not applicable to and equivalent in other cultures |
| Individualism-Collectivism refers to: | the degree to which a culture encourages, fosters and facilitates the needs, wishes, desires and values of an autonomous and unique self over those of a group. |
| Which of the following statements best describes the “Ethnic Identity Achievement” component included in the Multi-Group Ethnic identity Measure (MEIM)?: | Ethnic components of social identity, self-identification, feelings of belonging and commitment, shared values and attitudes and language, behavior, knowledge of ethnic group. Ex:‘I have spent time trying to find out more about my own ethnic group' |
| Which of the following statement(s) reflects the ‘emic’ approach to the study of culture?: | Trying to conceptualize a person's problems through their point of view. • Used by cultural psychology in studied uniqueness in different cultures (culture specific) |
| What is apart of the FIve Factor Model of Personality? | OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
| Emic | Qualitative methods (emic approach) Purposive sampling Naturalistic observation/participations Observational: Field notes Coding Themes analysis Case study method Life history, etc. Comes from the word phonemic |
| Etic | Experimentation Comes form the word phonetic Compares and contrasts cultures Used by cross- cultural psychologists |
| Ideal cultural behavior | o Consist of what people say they should do and what they say they do |
| Actual cultural behavior | o Their actual observed behavior |
| Stereotyped cultural behavior | Strict, exaggerated, illogical beliefs associated with specific areas of life→ such as people from other cultures, ethnic and racial groups (cognitive process) |
| Deviated cultural behavior | Maladaptive behavior or traits that can harm humans and other life o Ex: policies that encourage overpopulation, poor food-distribution system, over-consumption, and industrial pollution of the environment |
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kiwigrl4000
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