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Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Psych 199-Psychology and the Challenges of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the science that studies behavior and mental processes | psychology |
| processes by which people respond to environmental pleasures and cope with stress | adjustment |
| the basic unit of heredity, consisting of a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | genes |
| strands of DNA that consists of genes. people normally have 23 pairs of this | chromosomes |
| a developing movement in the field of psychology that emphasizes the positive aspects of our behavior, such as our assets and virtues, rather than our weaknesses and deficits | positive psychology |
| groups of people who can be distinguished by characteristics (i.e. cultural heritage, common history, race, & language). | ethnic groups |
| the state of being female or being male | gender |
| an approach to thinking characterized by skepticism & thoughtful analysis of statements & arguments (i.e. probing the premises of arguments & the definitions of terms) | critical thinking |
| a method or system that claims to have a scientific basis but does not, such as astrology. A false or sham science | pseudoscience |
| the tendency of people to accept overgeneralized descriptions of personality as accurate appraisals of their own personalities | Barnum effect |
| a method for obtaining scientific evidence in which a hypothesis is formed and tested | scientific method |
| a prediction about behavior that is tested through research | hypothesis |
| a statistical association or relationship between two variables, expressed in this form | correlation. form = correlation coefficient |
| repeat, reproduce, copy. | replicate |
| a method of research based on a carefully drawn biography obtained through interviews, questionnaires, or psychological tests | case study method |
| the tendency for people to respond in socially desirable ways | social desirability bias |
| means of information gathering by which large numbers of individuals are interviewed or asked to complete questionnaires in order to learn about their attitudes or behaviors | surveys |
| to extend from the particular to the general; to apply observations based on a sample to a population | generalize |
| part of a population selected for research | sample |
| a complete group of organisms or events | population |
| a sample drawn such that every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected | random sample |
| a source of bias or error in research that reflects the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not | volunteer bias |
| a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments | naturalistic observation |
| research measures that do not interfere with the subject's behavior | unobtrusive measures |
| a scientific method that studies the relationships between variables | correlational method |
| a number between -1.00 and +1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables | correlational coefficient |
| a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases | positive correlation |
| a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases | negative correlation |
| a scientific method that seeks to confirm or discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables | experimental method |
| a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed | independent variable |
| a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable | dependent variables |
| in experiments, a condition received by participants so that its effects may be observed | treatment |
| a procedure for randomly assigning subjects to experimental or control groups | random assignment |
| a group of subjects who receive a treatment in an experiment | experimental group |
| a group of subjects in an experiment whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant. one may conclude that group differences following treatment result from the treatment | control group |
| a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine | placebo |
| experiments in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know who has been given the active treatment or drug and who has not | double-blind studies |
Created by:
rrparikh23
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