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RAD160 Digestive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What quadrant is the liver located in? | RUQ |
| How many lobes does the liver have? | 2 |
| What organ lies in the duodenal loop? | pancreas |
| Bile is needed for digestion of _____. | fats |
| Hydrochloric acid and enzymes are produced in the _____. | gastric mucosa |
| The colon has sacculations known as _____. | haustra folds |
| What is the name of the main bile duct that leads directly from the liver? | hepatic duct |
| What do the two main hepatic ducts join to form? | common hepatic duct |
| The proximal pouch like portion of the colon is called? | cecum |
| What is the name of the duct that transports bile from the gallbladder? | cystic duct |
| What flexure lies between the transverse and descending colon? | left (splenic) |
| The common hepatic duct and cystic duct join to form? | common bile duct |
| What 3 things does the pancreas produce? | pancreatic juice, glucagon, insulin |
| What are the two functions of the spleen? | produces lymphocytes, removes dead red blood cells |
| What is the outer portion of the sac lining the abdominopelvic cavity? | parietal peritoneum |
| What is the inner portion of the sac lining the abdominopelvic cavity? | visceral peritoneum |
| What is the junction between the small and large intestine? | ileocecal valve |
| What organ does Hirschsprungs disease affect? | large intestine |
| What portion of the digestive tract is most responsible for absorption of water? | colon |
| What abdominal structure produces bile? | liver |
| Alpha cells within the pancreas are responsible for secretion of _____. | glucagon |
| Failure of the pancreas to produce insulin is? | diabetes |
| The common bile duct and pancreatic duct join as they enter a chamber called the _____. | hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) |
| The folds of the peritoneum that support the abdominal organs are? | omenta and mesentery |
| What is the cavity posterior to the peritoneum? | retroperitoneum |
| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a circular muscle known as? | sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla (Oddi) |
| What is the centering point for esophagram films? | T5/T6 |
| What is the degree of obliquity for esophagram films? | 35-40 degrees |
| The Val Salva maneuver is employed to demonstrate what 2 disease processes? | hiatal hernia, esophageal varices |
| What is the degree of obliquity for radiography of the stomach? | 40-70 degrees |
| What is the best position to demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in the average patient? | RAO |
| What position best demonstrates the duodenal bulb filled with air? | LPO |
| What body type requires a large degree of obliquity? | hypersthenic |
| What body types require a small degree of obliquity? | asthenic, sthenic |
| Where is the CR directed for AP stomach? | midway between xiphoid & crest |
| Why is high kVp necessary for stomach radiography? | to penetrate the barium |
| Why is a short exposure time used for stomach radiography? | to eliminate motion from peristalsis |
| In the AP stomach, the fundus will be filled with _____? | barium |
| In the PA stomach, the fundus will be filled with _____? | air |
| In an RAO position of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with _____? | barium |
| In a LPO position of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with _____? | air |
| In what position will the entire stomach and duodenal bulb and loop be demonstrated? | RAO |
| Why is the Trendelenburg position used during an esophagram? | to demonstrate hiatal hernia or esophageal varices |
| What are the layers of the stomach wall from inside to outside? | mucosal, submucosal, muscular, fibrous (serosa) |
| What is the recommended oblique projection and position to best demonstrate the esophagus? | PA in RAO position |
| The esophagus originates at what vertebral level? | C6 |
| What is the patient prep for a morning stomach exam? | no food or fluid after midnight |
| Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach exam? | 8 |
| What is the expanded portion of the terminal esophagus? | cardiac antrum |
| What are the gastric folds of the stomach called? | rugae |
| Which stomach projection would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation? | AP Trendelenburg |
| What is the routinely used method for examining the stomach? | single contrast |
| What are the muscles that control the opening etween the stomach and duodenum? | pyloric sphincter |
| For which body type is the stomach almost horizontal? | hypersthenic |
| For which body type is the stomach almost vertical? | asthenic |
| What is the most proximal part of the stomach? | fundus |
| What is pyloric stenosis? | narrowing of the pyloric orifice |
| What is the life threatening condition where the esophagus ends in a blind pouch? | esophageal atresia |
| What is it called when part of the stomach slips through the diaphragm into the thorax? | hiatal hernia |
| What is it called when a patient has difficulty swallowing? | dysphasia |
| What is the largest salivary gland? | parotid |
| What is peristalsis? | normal contraction waves of the digestive tract |
| A ringlike band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice is called a? | sphincter |
| Dyspepsia is? | indigestion |
| What is the distal portion of the stomach called? | pylorus |
| Food enters the stomach through the? | cardiac sphincter |
| Food exits the stomach trough the? | pyloric sphincter |
| The external layers of the digestive organs are composed of fibrous membranes called the? | serosa |
| What is the only major secretion of the esophagus? | mucus |
| The esophagus is where in relation to the trachea? | posterior |
| What connects the duodenum to the ileum? | jejunum |
| What connects the ascending colon to the descending colon? | transverse colon |
| What connects the jejunum to the cecum? | ileum |
| What connects the esophagus to the duodenum? | stomach |
| What connects the pharynx to the stomach? | esophagus |
| What connects the cystic and hepatic ducts to the duodenum? | common bile duct |
| What connects the stomach to the jejunum? | duodenum |
| What connects the rectum to the descending colon? | sigmoid |
| Which flexure is demonstrated in the RPO colon? | left colic (splenic) |
| Which flexure is demonstrated in the LPO colon? | right colic (hepatic) |
| Where is the central ray directed for a lateral film of the rectum? | on MCP at the level of ASIS |
| How and why are technical factors changed for an air contrast colon? | kVp is lowered by 15-20% because air is easier to penetrate |
| What drug is used prior to the start of air contrast colon and why? | glucagon to relax the bowel |
| The Chassard-Lapine method demonstrates what portion of the colon? | rectosigmoid |
| How and where is the CR directed for PA axial colon? | 30-40 degrees caudal, exiting ASIS |
| The lateral view of the colon demonstrates what area? | rectum |
| What position is used to insert an enema tip? | Sim's |
| What is the centering point for a PA colon? | iliac crest |
| What disease process does an air contrast colon demonstrate? | polyps |
| What filming adaptions are necessary to demonstrate the colon on a hypersthenic patient? | use two transverse IRs or center higher |
| In an air contrast exam with the patient in right lateral position, which side of descending colon has barium? | medial |
| What bony landmarks are used to locate the gallbladder? | elbow and costal angle |
| Where is the gallbladder in a sthenic patient? | at the level of the elbow |
| Where is the gallbladder in a hypersthenic patient? | high and lateral |
| Where is the gallbladder in an asthenic patient? | low and medial |
| The dosage given to the patient for gallbladder exams is determined how? | by the patient's weight |
| What two positions can be used to demonstrate layering of gallstones? | upright or decubitus |
| What view can be used to demonstrate the gallbladder if it is overlying the spine? | LAO |
| What color do calcium stones appear in an x-ray? | white |
| What color do cholesterol stones appear in an x-ray? | black |
| Which curvature is located on the medial border of the stomach? | lesser |
| What is the proximal part of the small intestine? | duodenum |
| In which abdominal region does the large intestine originate? | right iliac |
| How long does it take a barium meal to reach the ileocecal valve? and the rectum? | 2-3 hours; 24 hours |
| What position best demonstrates swallowing function in a single contrast esophagus study? | upright |
| What two recumbent oblique positions can demonstrate a barium-filled esophagus between the vertebrae and heart? | RAO and LPO |
| What is a major advantage of the double-contrast UGI over the single-contrast? | better demonstration of small lesions on the mucosal lining |
| Which body habitus produces the greatest visceral movement when moved from prone to upright? | asthenic |
| Why should lower lung fields be included in a PA projection as part of the UGI exam? | to demonstrate possible hiatal hernia |
| For a double-contrast UGI exam AP oblique projection in recumbent LPO, how will the duodenal bulb and pyloric canal appear? | gas-filled |
| For the single-contrast UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a barium-filled pyloric canal and duodenal bulb in sthenic patients? | PA oblique in RAO |
| For the UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection best stimulates gastric peristalsis to demonstrate the pyloric canal and duodenal bulb? | PA oblique in RAO |
| What breathing instructions should be given for UGI radiographs? | suspend expiration |
| For the double contrast UGI exam PA oblique projection in recumbent RAO position, how will the fundus appear? | gas-filled |
| For the UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection best demonstrates the right retrogastric space? | right lateral |
| To what level should the CR be directed for the PA oblique in RAO as part of the UGI exam? | L1-L2 |
| Which exam of the alimentary canal requires a series of radiographs to be taken at specific time intervals after ingestion of contrast? | small bowel series |
| For a small bowel series on a patient with hypomotility of the small intestine, what can be done to accelerate peristalsis? | drink a glass of ice water |
| What patient instructions should be given if cramping is experienced during filling of the large intestine for a BE? | concentrate on deep oral breathing |
| How far should the enema tip be inserted for a BE? | no more than 3.5-4" |
| For the PA projection during a BE, why should the patient be placed in a slight Trendelenburg position? | to help separate overlapping loops of the distal bowel |
| Which structures are best demonstrated with AP or PA axial projections during a BE? | sigmoid and rectum |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the PA axial during BE? | 30-40 degrees caudal |
| Which structure of the large intestine is of primary interest for the PA oblique in RAO position during BE? | right colic flexure |
| What two oblique projections can demonstrate the left colic flexure during a BE? | PA oblique in LAO; AP oblique in RPO |
| What structure of the large intestine is best demonstrated if the patient is rotated 45 degrees from supine with the right side away from the table during BE? | right colic flexure |
| Which BE projection requires a 10x12 IR lengthwise at the level of ASIS? | lateral |
| Which BE projection does not require colic flexures to be included? | lateral |
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SCash21
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