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Imaging Adler CH 2&3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes the rotor spin? | Stator |
| Where does the source of electrons come from? | Cathode |
| 3 names for a positive anode are... | target, source, focal source |
| What charge does a cathode hold? What charge does an anode hold? | negative Positive |
| What is the boiling off of electrons? | Thermionic emission |
| The tendency of the space charge not to allow more electrons to be boiled off of the filament | space charge effect |
| what is the angle range for anodes? what is the most common angle? | 5 degree- 20 degree angles 12 degree angle |
| what size filament would you use to x-ray extremities? What size for abdomen? | small; large |
| Radiation leakage should not exceed more than________________. | 100mR/hr |
| what is the atomic # for tungsten? | 74 |
| rotor speed goes up to__________. | 10000RPM's |
| dropping one electron into empty hole producing electron photons | cascaid effect |
| What shell are diagnostic photons from? | K shell |
| What # does the tungsten k shell hold? | 69 or 69.5 |
| What type of interaction interacts with the electro magnetic field of an atom? | Bremsstrahlung |
| What type of interaction interacts with an electron and uses the cascaid effect? | Characteristic |
| In a Bremsstrahlung interaction the closer the nucleus to the incident electron the ________ the energy level of the photon will be. | Higher |
| You will always have bothe characteristic and brem interactions unless kVp goes below____ than its 100% brem. | 69kVp |
| Projectile in motion | incident electron |
| Primary factors that affect quantity which of these factors also affects Quality? | mAs, SID, kVp ; kVp |
| What is AEC? | Automatic Exposure Controls |
| What is the maximum variable of kVp? | +or- 5%kVp |
| % of voltage ripple for single phase generators; 3 phase 6 pulse; 3 phase 12 pulse; high frequency? | 100%; 13%; 4%; 1% |
| What are the max variabilities of exposure timer? | +or- 5% for times less than 10ms +or- 10% for times greater than 10ms |
| the amount of current supplied to the tube | mA |
| the effective focal spot is ___________ than the actual focal spot.What principle? | smaller; line focus principle |
| the steeper the angle the__________ the effective focal spot | smaller |
| more intense radiation exiting the tube toward the cathode side | The anode heel effect |
| thicker body part under cathode(-) end | FAT CAT |
| 3 components of inherent filtration | the glass envelope, the surrounding oil, the window |
| any thing after the window is what type of filtration? | added |
| the filtration that is permanently in the path of the x-ray beam | inherent |
| inherent + added filtration = | total filtration |
| the amount of filtration that reduces the intensity to one half the original value | half value layer (HVL) |
| inherent filtration (window)thickness | 0.5 mm Al |
| added filtration (apeture diapragm) thickness | 1.0 mm Al |
| mirror thickness; total filtration = | 1.0 mm Al; 2.5 mm Al |
| the amount of heat produced from any given exposure | Heat Units (HU) |
| types of compensating filters | wedge and trough |
| single phase GF | 1.00 |
| 3 phase 6 pulse GF | 1.35 |
| 3 phase 12 pulse GF | 1.41 |
| high frequency GF | 1.45 |
| Heat unit formula | mA x time x kVp x generator factor =HU |
| on a tube rating chart what does above the line mean? At or below line? | unsafe; safe |
| when tungsten starts evaporating and settling on the inside of glass envelope its called____ | arcing |
| what are the 2 types of electrodes in a tube? | cathode (-) and anode (+) |
| Higher kVp and thicker body part = | more scatter |
| 3 characteristics of attenuation | absorption, scatter, transmition |
| other words for primary beam are.... | effective beam and useful beam |
| anatomic tissue absorb and transmit differently based on their composition | differential absorption |
| other names for coherent scattering | thompson or classical scattering |
| to ionize you must have_____ or ______ energy | = or greater |
| coherent scattering energy level | below 10 keV |
| in coherent scattering there is____ energy transfered, ____ energy lost, ____ ionization just ________ in direction | no, no, no. change |
| photon that has been energized | photo electron |
| incoming x-ray photon interacts with an inner shell electron and removes the electron | photoelectric interaction (in the body) |
| compton effect | scattering in the body |
| x-ray photon interacts with nucleus of an atom and disappears results in creation of positron and negatron | pair production |
| what is minimum Mega electron Volt? | 1.02 MeV |
| PET | Positron Emission Tomography |
| X-ray photon absorbed by nucleus, its raised to an excited state and emits a nuclear fragment | Photodisentigration |
| photodisentigration requires a minimum of ____MeV | 10 MeV |
| Attenuation is decreased 50% for each __ to __ cm of tissue thickness | 4 to 5 cm |
| Higher kVp _______ energy and _________ beam attenuation | increase; decrease |
| remnant or exit radiation is composed of _________ & __________ radiation | scattered, transmitted |
| 2 types of distortion | shape or size (true/ magnification) |
| the way a beam is going through matter | projection |
| for digital Radiography (DR) window width (WW) is ____________ and window level (WL)is __________ | contrast; brightness |
| amount of light transmitted through film | density |
| more differences in color less difference in color | high contrast short scale low contrast long scale |
| smallest object recorded- sharpness- | spatial resolution recorded detail |
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