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A.G Pharm E2
notes from class Pharmacology Exam 2 Summer 2012
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Responses to the activation of ¬¬¬¬___ include analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, the development of physical dependence. | opioid receptor |
| ___ is a strong opioid analgesic with a potency 100x that of morphine. | Fentanyl |
| ___ is the most widely prescribed drug in USA. | hydrocodone |
| The exact cause of migraine headache is not completely understood, although ___ and ___ are clearly involved. | Vasodilation and inflammation |
| In migraine headaches, the role of CGRP is to ___ whereas the role of 5-HT is ___. | Promote migraine, suppress migraine |
| Headache: For mild to moderate symptoms___. | Aspirin |
| Pt c/o moderate to severe migraines. The RN will anticipation that the doctor will order what drug___. | Serotonin agonist or triptan. |
| The drugs of choice for preventing migraine headaches are the ___. | beta blockers |
| The first-line drugs for terminating a migraine attacks___. | Serotonin receptor agonist |
| All of the conventional antipsychotic drugs can cause serious movement disorders called___. | EPS |
| Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism is treated with some of the drugs used for Parkinson’s disease. However, ___ & ___ must not be used b/c they will counteract the beneficial effects of antipsychotic treatment. | Levodopa and direct dopamine agonist |
| ___ is characterized by pacing and squirming brought on by an uncontrollable need to be in motion. The 3 drugs used to suppress symptoms include___ , ___, & ___. | beta blockers, benzo, anticholinergic |
| ___. Is characterized by involuntary choreoathetoid movements of the tongue and face. | tardive dyskinesia |
| ___. Are the most widely prescribed antidepressants. | SSIR |
| Maximal responses to tricyclic antidepressants develop in ___. | 1-2 months |
| MAOIS can cause severe HTN if the pt eats food rich in ___. | Tyramine |
| The most serious adverse effect of bupropion therapy is ___. | seizures |
| Initial responses to tricyclic antidepressants develop in ___. | 1-3 weeks |
| If Serotonin agonist or triptan fail to relieve pain for migraines, the nurse will assume the doctor will order ___. | opioids |
| The 3 drugs that are used to treat bipolar disorders are. | |
| What are the 3 principal mood stabilizer drugs for bipolar disorders? . | lithium, Valproic acid (VPA)& carbamazepine |
| What are the 2 drugs for acute management of manic episode? . | lithium, Valproic acid (VPA) |
| Pt is receiving lithium therapy. Rn will educated the patient about which electrolyte?. | Maintain a constant intake of NA (sodium) foods |
| The maintenance level of lithium.. | 0.4-1.0 mEq/L |
| The loading(initial)dose level of lithium. | 0.8-1.4 mEq/L |
| 3 use for benzodiazephine | anxiety, insomina, seizure disorders, muscle spasm |
| 3 a/e | Cns depressant, Anterograde amnesia, pregancy and sleep |
| Barbiturates A/E | respiratory depressant, abuse suicide |
| 3 class of resprect drug | Ultrahort-acting (thipental) Short-to-intermediate-acting(speed, secobarbital) Long-acting (phenobarbital) |
| What are the 2 durs that are most commonly used for anxiety disorders | benzo and SSRI |
| The 3 distinct advantages of buspirone include | non CNA depressant, doest not cause dedation and no abuse potential |
| Panic disorders repond well to all 3 major claasees of antidepressant | ssri, TCA MAoi |
| Amphetamines work primarily to | release/block-retake in NF and DA |
| A/E of amphetamine include | CNS stimulation, weight loss, cardiovscualr effects and psychosis |
| Methyplhenidate has two indication | ADHD and Narolepsy |
| Caffeine is thought to relieve headache because of its ability to | ***constrict blood vessels*** not sure if it is right but I will look it up in the book after Weds. |
| The first nonstimulant approved for ADHD is | atomoxetine (Strattera) |
| Inhibitions of Cox-2 results in | suppress inflammation, alleviate pain, decrease fever, protect aganist cancer, promote MI |
| Aspirin should not be used in the treatment of fever in children because of the risk of development of | Reye's Syndrome |
| the antidote for acetaminophen | acetylcysteine |
| Acetaminophen Over-dose can cause sever | liver damage |
| What are the 3 major categories of antiarthritic drugs? | NSAIDS, DMARS, & Glucocorticolds |
| While the pt is on methotrexate, periodic tests of liver and kidney function are mandatory | liver and kidney function are mandatory |
| ***** have been used in RA for decades, but they carry significant side effects including | Gold salt |
| The 3 major categores of antiarthritic drugs are | NSAID, DMARS, Glucocorticolds |
| Cureent guidelines rocmmend starting therapy with | DMARS |
| The most commonly used oral glucocorticoids | Prednisone |
| can be defined as using a drug in a fashion inconsistent with medical or social norms | substance abuse |
| being physically dependent on a durg is not the same as being | addicted to |
| 2 neuropsychiatric syndromes commonly seen in alcoholics are | Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamines help88), Korsakoff |
| Some sudies suggest a beneficial effect of alcohol including less | ischemic stroke, Coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, & heart failure |
| Alcohol induced liver damage can progress from | fatty liver to inflammation to cirrhosis of liver |
| The diuretic effect of alcohol is due to promtoion of urine formation by | tylenol, aspirn, ibuprofen |
| What athe 3 drugs approved in the US for maintenance of absinence from alcohol | Disulfiram, Naltrexone, Campral |
| People who abuse meperidin usually choose this drug because of its distinct advantages of | no pin point pupils, less smooth muscle spasm, decrease conspitation |
| The classic triad of opioid toxicity includes | R. depression, coma, pin point pupils |
| What is the long acting opioid antagonist that is an alternative to naloxone | Nalmefene (Revex) |
| Approved therapeutic uses for THC include | Antiemetic Appetite stimulant, neuropath pain |
| What is the subastance that plays an important role in allergic reactions and regulation of gastric acid secretion | histamine |
| Overdose with antihistamines can produce __ &___frequently reuslt | CNS Stimulation and convulsion |
| Some antihistamines such as promethazine are labeled for use in | motion sickness |
| The most common side effect of the antihistamines is the | 1st generation: sedation |
| The second geration antihistamines exert little or no sedatve effect b/c | unable to cross the bbb |
| 2nd gerneration antihistamine that can be administered by nasal spray is | azetastine (cross the BBB) |
| Today, all MDIs use___ as the propellant. | HFA |
| Omalizumab (Zolair) is a monoclonal antibody with what unique mechanism of action | cromolyn-suppress inflammation, not a steroids |
| primary methylzantine used in asthma | theophylline |
| The principal drugs used to treat allergic rhinitis inclde | antihistamine, decongestion |
| Therapy of allergic rhinitis, antihistamine are most effective when taken | prophylactically |
| the 2 most frequently used drugs for cough suppression are | decongestion and hydrocodone |
| most effective nonopioid cough suppressant available | |
| 3 uses for a diurectics | HTN, moving fluid, preventing renal failure |
| Most diurectic share the same basic mechanism of action. They blockk | NA and Chl resorption |
| Adverse effects on the extracellular fluid caused by diurectic include | hypovolemia, acid-base imbalance, electrolyte imbalance |
| A unique side effect of spironolactone is | low K |
| 4 major categories of diuretic drugs | |
| 2 most familiar forms of adrenocortical dysfunction are | addison's disease & cushing's syndrome |
| Glucocorticoids promote lipolysis. When present at high levels for an extended time, as occurs in cushing's syndrome, glucocorticoids cause fat redistribution, giving the pt a | pot belly, moon face and back bump |
| preferred drug for all forms of adrenocortical insufficiency. | Hydrocortisone |
| diagnosis of cushing's syndrome is accomplished by | |
| The most effective inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis | |
| What is the net result of glucocorticoids on the H@O and electrolyte status in the body | low K, high Na, edema |
| The major clinical application of glucocorticoids stems from tehir abilit to | inflammation and immune system |
| what infection occurs with alarming frequency in people reciving high doses of glucocorticoids | pcp pneumonia |
| Glucocorticoids are contraindicated for pt with systemic | |
| In pt with AD, levels of acteylcholine are___% below normal | |
| were the 1st drugs approved by US FDA for treatment of AD | Cholinesterase inhibitors |
| The following 3 Cholinesterase inhibitors are recommended for the treatment AD | Donepezil, Galantamine & Rivstigmine |
| carries significant risk of liver damage and should be avioded. | Tacrine |
| All the chlinesterase inhibitor cuase typical cholinergic side effect in GI | N/V , ?, diarrhea |
| able to stabilize or improve cognitive performance and soical behavior for 6-12 months in pt with uncomplicated AD | Ginko Biloba |
| In reducing cholesterol levels, it is more important to reduce the intake of fatty than to reduce the intake of cholesterol itself | |
| Of all the lipoproteins, *?* make the greatest contribution to coronary atherosclerosis | LDL |
| are the most effective drugs for lowering LDL and total cholesterol | Hmg-CoA |
| The most dangerous A/E of statin is | rhabdomyolysis |
Created by:
aanderson14
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