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psych II exam review
psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CONTROL GROUP | in an experiment, a group of participants that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment is not applied |
| EXPERIMENTAL GROUP | the group of participants to which an independent variable is applied |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | in an experiment, the factor that the researcher deliberately controls or manipulates to test its effect on another factor |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | in an experiment, the factor that is being measured that may or may not change when the independent variable is changed |
| SURVEY | a research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions about their attitudes or behavior |
| CASE STUDY | an in-depth research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more objects |
| PLACEBO EFFECT | a change in a participant's illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than from the actual treatment |
| STATISTICS | the branch of mathematics concerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data |
| CORRELATION | the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data |
| SYMBOL | an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality |
| PROTOTYPE | a representative example of a concept |
| INSIGHT | the apparent sudden realization or understanding of the solution to a problem |
| SYNTAX | the set of language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences |
| SEMANTICS | the study of meaning in language |
| TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH | the kind of verbal utterance often by young children in which articles, prepositions, and parts of verbs are left out, but the meaning is usually clear |
| LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE (LAD) | innate brain structure that include inborn mechanisms that guide a person's learning of the unique rules of his or her native language |
| THINKING | mental activity that involves changing and reorganizing of the information stored in memory in order to create new information |
| HOMEOSTASIS | the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state |
| DRIVE | a condition of arousal or tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal |
| NEED | a biological or psychological requirement for the well-being of an organism |
| INCENTIVE | environmental factor such as an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates our behavior |
| SINGLE-BLIND EXPERIMENT | an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment |
| DOUBLE-BLIND EXPERIMENT | an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants receive which treatment |
| MOTIVATION | various physiological and psychological factors that activate behavior and energize and direct that behavior toward a goal |
| CULTURAL BIAS | an aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions and the experiences on which they are based may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group |
| OBJECTIVE TEST | a limited- or forced-choice test designed to study personality characteristics |
| PROJECTIVE TEST | an unstructured test of personality in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his or her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli |
| ACHIEVEMENT TEST | an instrument used to measure the amount of knowledge a person has learned in a given subject or area |
| INTEREST INVENTORY | measures a person's preferences and attitude in a wide variety of activities |
| VALIDITY | the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure |
| INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ) | standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is defined as average |
| MEMORY | the storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced |
| APTITUDE TEST | an instrument used to predict or estimate the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill or skills in the future |
| ID | in psychoanalytic theory, part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, and instincts, as well as repressed material |
| EGO | the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways |
| SUPEREGO | the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id |
| COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS | the part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people |
| REPRESSION | the exclusion from conscious awareness of a painful, unpleasant, or undesirable memory |
| RATIONALIZATION | the process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self-esteem |
| DENIAL | a defense coping mechanism in which a person refuses to admit that a problem exists |
| PROJECTION | unconsciously transferring one's own undesirable attitudes, feelings, or thoughts to others |
| EXTRAVERT | an outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and interests toward other people and things |
| INTROVERT | a reserved, withdrawn person who is more preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings than in what is going on around him or her |
| UNCONSCIOUS | according to Freud, the part of the mind that holds mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious behavior |
| REGRESSION | a defense mechanism in which an individual retreats to an earlier stage of development or pattern of behavior in order to deal with a threatening or stressful situation |
| PSYCHOANALYSIS | a form of therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior and free themselves of self-defeating patterns |
| BEHAVIORISM | the belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior and nothing else |
| HUMANISTIC | a school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential for each unique individual |
| COMPULSION | an apparently irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior such as hand washing |
| OBSESSION | a recurring thought or image that seems to be beyond control |
| ANXIETY | an unpleasant psychological state characterized by a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger |
| PANIC DISORDER | an extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks |
| PHOBIA | an intense or irrational fear of a particular object or situation |
| SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD) | a pattern of depressive symptoms that cycle with the seasons, typically beginning in fall or winter |
| SCHIZOPHRENIA | a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, behavior, and perceptions |
| ADDICTION | a self-destructive pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug |
| WITHDRAWAL | the symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted |
| TOLERANCE | the reaction of the body and brain to regular drug use, whereby a person needs an increased amount in order ro produce the original effect |
| POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS | a disorder in which victims of catastrophes or other traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks |
| BIPOLAR DISORDER | a disorder in which a person's mood inappropriately alternates between feelings of mania and depression |
| AGORAPHOBIA | extreme fear of being in a public place |
| GROUP THERAPY | a form of therapy in which patients work together with the aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems |
| PSYCHOTHERAPY | a general term for the application of psychological principles and techniques for any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems and disorders |
| SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION | a counterconditioning technique used by behavior therapists to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties |
| ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS | a type of medication used to reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations; also called tranquilizers |
| ANTIDEPRESSANTS | a type of medication used to treat major depression by increasing the amount of neurotransmitters believed to be involved in the regulation of emotions and moods |
| ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) | a radical treatment for psychological disorders in which an electrical shock is sent through the brain |
| PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY | a radical form of psychosurgery in which a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is destroyed |
| HUMANISTIC THERAPY | an approach to psychology that focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person and holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one's full potential |
| SELF-HELP GROUPS | a type of therapy in which a group of individuals share a common problem and meet to discuss it without the active involvement of professional therapists |
| FREE ASSOCIATION | a Freudian technique used to examine the unconscious; the patient is instructed to say whatever comes into his or her mind |
| DREAM ANALYSIS | a technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret the content of patients' dreams |
| BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION | a systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings |
| LITHIUM CARBONATE | a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder |
| PSYCHOSURGERY | a medical operation that destroys part of te brain to make the patient calmer and freer of symptoms |
| CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY | an approach developed by Carl Rogers that reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy |
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