Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Psych Ch 08
Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memory | the ability to recall past events, images, ideas, or previously learned information or skills; the storage system that allows a person to retain and retrieve previously learned information |
| encoding | organizing sensory information so it can be processed by the nervous system |
| levels-of-processing approach | brain encodes information in different ways or on different levels; deeper processing leads to deeper memory |
| encoding specificity principle | retrieval cues that match original information work better |
| transfer appropriate processing | occurs when initial processing of information is similar to the process of retrieval; the better the match, the better the recall |
| storage | the process of maintaining or keeping information readily available; the locations where information is held |
| sensory memory | performs initial encoding; provides brief storage; also called sensory register |
| short-term storage | holds information for processing; fragile; also called short term memory or working memory |
| Lloyd and Margaret Peterson | did work on short-term memory |
| memory span | the number of items a person can reproduce from short-term memory, usually consisting of one or two chunks |
| chunks | manageable and meaningful units of information organized in such a way that it can be easily encoded, stored, and retrieved |
| rehearsal | process of repeatedly verbalizing, thinking about, or otherwise acting on or transforming information in order to keep that information active in memory |
| maintenance rehearsal | repetitive review of information with little or no interpretation |
| elaborative rehearsal | rehearsal involving repletion and analysis, in which a stimulus may be associated with (linked to) other information and further processed |
| working memory | Temporarily holds current or recent information for immediate or short-term use; Information is maintained for 20-30 seconds while active processing (e.g., rehearsal) takes place |
| long-term memory | storage mechanism that keeps a relatively permanent record of memory |
| procedural memory | memory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete tasks |
| declarative memory | memory for specific information |
| episodic memory | memory of specific personal events and situations (episodes) tagged with information about time |
| semantic memory | memory of ideas, rules, words, and general concepts about the world |
| explicit memory | conscious memory that a person is aware of |
| implicit memory | memory a person is not aware of possessing |
| consolidation | the process of changing a short-term memory to a long-term one |
| retrieval | process by which stored information is recovered from memory |
| ex post facto study | a type of design that contrasts groups of people who differ on some variable of interest to the researcher |
| state-dependent learning | the tendency to recall information learned while in a particular physiological state most accurately when one is in that physiological state again |
| primacy effect | the more accurate recall of items presented at the beginning of a series |
| recency effect | the more accurate recall of items presented at the end of a series |
| imagery | the creation or re-creation of a mental picture of a sensory or perceptual experience |
| schema | a conceptual framework that organizes information and allows a person to make sense of the world |
| decay | loss of information from memory as a result of disuse and the passage of time |
| Von Restorff effect | occurs when recall is better for a distinctive item, even if it occurs in the middle of a list |
| interference | the suppression of one bit of information by another |
| proactive interference | previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information |
| retroactive interference | newly learned information interferes with the ability to recall previously learned information |
| amnesia | inability to remember information (typically, all events within a specific period), usually due to physiological trauma |
| retrograde amnesia | loss of memory of events and experiences that preceded an amnesia-causing event |
| anterograde amnesia | loss of memory for events and experiences occurring from the time of an amnesia-causing event forward |
| motivated forgetting | occurs when frightening, traumatic events are forgotten because people want to forget them |
| long-term potentiation | the biochemical processes that make it easier for the neuron to respond again when it has been stimulated |
| flashbulb memories | detailed memory for events surrounding a dramatic event that is vivid and remembered with confidence |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well |
Created by:
doyleqhs
Popular Psychology sets