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Human Development
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lamark | Children inherit "acquired characteristics" from their parents (giraffes) |
| Malthus | More offspring are born than can survive so "struggle for existence", survival of the fittest |
| Variation | Adaptations vary across individuals |
| Inheritance | Adaptations are passed from parent to offspring |
| Selection | Adaptations help with survival |
| Intrasexual Competition | same sex competes for attention of the opposite sex |
| Intersexual Selection | one sex chooses mates based on particular characteristics |
| Good sense | long-term partners, picking based on many characteristics |
| Good genes | short-term partners, picking based on one or two characteristics |
| Libido | Survival and sexual instincts, Pleasure |
| Thanatos | Death instinct, agression and violence |
| ID | contains libido, birth-->, operates on pleasure |
| Ego | includes conscious thought, 2-3 years, operates on reality |
| superego | includes morality, 5-6 years, operates on caregivers' rules |
| Denial | behaving as if problem doesn't exist |
| Projection | seeing one's own behavior or beliefs in others |
| Rationalization | creating an explanation or justification for disappointment |
| Displacement | directing an emotion to an uninvolved object |
| Reinforcers | Increase behavior |
| Positive (+) reinforcers | refers to giving something to increase behavior |
| negative (-) reinforcers | refers to taking somthing away to increase behavior |
| Punishments | decrease behavior |
| Extinction | elimination of a behavior following non-reinforcement, ignoring. |
| Shaping | Reinforcing intermediate steps toward desired behavior |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | Varying the time at which behavior is reinforced |
| Reciprocal Determinism | human behavior is influenced bu the bidirectional interaction of person, behavior, environment. |
| Self-efficacy | belief that you can master and produce positive outcomes. Develops from previous performance, observational learning, social, emotion |
| chunking | dividing information into manageable chunks, ex. phone numbers |
| Rehearsal | reviewing informaiton through repitition, ex. practice, review sessions |
| Imagery | Attaching an image to information, ex. visual models |
| Mnemonics | rhyme or sentence that represents information, ex. PEMDAS, Never Eat Soggy Waffles |
| Schema Activation | connecting information to previous knowledge, ex. "remember when we learned about..." |
| Schema/Schemes | organized patterns of behavior, mental filing cabinet |
| Assimilation | fitting information into existing schema |
| Accommodation | changing existing schema or creating new ones in response to contradictory or new information |
| Equilibration | Balance between schemes and information from the environment, motivation for assimilating and accommodating, motivation for actually creating schema |
| Zone of Proximal development | upper limit- level child can reach with assistance, lower limit- level child can reach without assistance |
| Scaffolding | Providing the learner with the appropriate amount of help to accomplish a task, although task is not simplified |
| Speech | cultural tool, internalization of social processes, creates culture within your head |
| Separation anxiety | distress when a familiar caregiver leaves |
| Stranger anxiety | Wariness of strange people and places (appears as early as 6 months) |
| Social referencing | Infants ability to evaluate social cues to determine their own behavior and reactions |
| Secular trend | consistent movement or change over time. In reference to puberty, occurs in females not males. |
| Invincibility Fable | Adolescents believe dangerous behavior will not result in negative outcomes for themselves |
| Personal Fable | Adolescents believe they are special and unique, destined for better than average outcomes |
| Imaginary Audience | Adolescents feel as if there is an audience constantly evaluating their behaviors and choices |
| Young Male Syndrome | Increase in violence in adolescense |
| Sensation Seeking | decisions to engage in potentially dangerous or risky behavior for "fun or for "thrill" |
| Self-esteem | overall way we evaluate ourselves, includes self-image and self-worth |
| Crystallized intelligence | knowledge gained from culture, formal learning, highly verbal |
| Fluid intelligence | Basic abilities, problem-solving abilities, abstract |
| Health habits in early adulthood | Regular exercise, sleep deprivation, bad diet and nutrition, and substance abuse |
| Short-term mating | refers to short-term relationships in which the couple is not planning on staying together for long-term, expected to have sexual aspects |
| Men are more jealous over | sexual infidelity |
| Women are more jealous over | emotional infidelity |
| Impersonal Sex Path | engage in primarily STM, conquest is a source of status/self-esteem |
| Hostile Masculinity Path | Male characteristics: insecure, hypersensitive, hostile, distrustful, take pleasure in dominating women, endorse feelings of female rejection |
| Mate Deprivation Hypothesis | Men who cannot secure mates use aggressive tactics, Lack of empirical support |
| Rapport talk | Establish feelings of connection, negotiate realtionships, private speech |
| Report talk | provide information, influence others, public speech |
| Mating Opportunity Cost | missing out on potential mating in order to care for offspring |
| Moms provide infants with | love and basic needs |
| Dads provide infants with | "push" into a larger world |
| Authoritative | High warmth, high control. Good school performance, high self-esteem, independence, altruism. LAURA ROBERTSON |
| Authoritarian | Low warmth, high control. Below average school performance, los self-esteem, subdued or agressive behavior. ASAIN NAZI MOM |
| Permissive (indulgent) | High warmth, low control. Below average school performance, dependence and lack of resposibility, agressive or immature behavior. MATTS PARENTS. |
| Uninvolved (neglectful) | Poor school performance, impulsive and antisocial behaviors, difficulties with social relationships. BAD PARENTS. |
| Secure (Ainsworth) | Sensitive caregiver--> infant feels caregiver is comforting, safe base. Majority of US. |
| Insecure/Avoidant (Ainsworth) | Rejecting caregiver--> infant show no preference for cargiver, no exploration. |
| Insecure/Ambivalent (Ainsworth) | Inconsistent caregiver--> infant does not explore and is not comforted |
| Insecure/Disorganized (added later) | Abusive caregiver--> infant is apprehensive, showing contradictory behavior |
| Helping Behavior | interpersonal support that includes the following and motivated by cost to self and benefit to others |
| Prosocial behavior | behavior intended to benefit another individual, group of individuals, or society |
| Altruistic behavior | behavior motivated by sympathy for others |
| Egoist behavior | behavior motivated by self-image |
| Hamilton's Rule | cost is less than relatedness times benefit to recipient |
| Inclusive fitness | Own reproductive success + reproductive success of relatives |
| Reciprocal Altruism | Helping nonkin with the belief that the recipient will reciprocate at a later date |
| Generativity | Drive to guide next generation, raise children. "I am what I create""I am what I can produce" focus changes from caring for self to caring to others |
| Stagnation | Sense of failure and "personal impoverishment", indulge self as one would a child |
| Mid-life Crisis | Believed to occur as one tries to deal with: realization of martality, new physical limitations, major changes |
| Role conflicts | Be a responsible parent or a responsible child? Be a worker or a retiree? Provide for children's education or own retirement? |
| Potential Strains | Staying competitive in the job market, learning new skills |
| Male Climacteric: Physical effects in middle adulthood | Qunatity of viable sperm produced decreases gradually starting at 40, caused by decreases in progesterone, and increase in refractory period |
| Male Climacteric: Psychological effects in middle adulthood | decrease in sexual desire, performance anxiety (erectile dysfunction/impotence, viagra) |
| Female Climacteric: Physical effects in middle adulthood | menopause (average age 50), caused by decreases in estrogen and prgoesterone |
| Female Climacteric: Psychological effects in middle adulthood | Possible decrease in sexual desire, become volatile, agry, depressed, shrewish, overally negativity, life stressors |
| Middle Adulthood Health | health problems: hypertension, diabetes (Type II), behavioral influences are diet and exercise |
| Life expectancy | number of years a person born in a particular year is expected to live |
| Personal life span | number of years a person actually lives |
| Maximum life span | maximum number of years it is possible for a member of a particular species to live |
| Activity Theory | Maintaining greatest possible level of involvement, many roles |
| Disengagement Theory | Shrinking life space (fewer roles), increasing individuality (fewer roles and expectations), acceptance of changes (turning inward and away from intearctions with others) |
| Ego integrity | sense of having lived a good and useful life |
| Reminiscense | thinking about the past, life review, linked to health |
| Dating in late adulthood | greater focus on companionship, marriage (remarriage) is less of a concern |
| Marital Satisfaction in late adulthood | report more satisfaction and less conflict than middle age couples. Divorce continues to decrease |
| Classical fitness | measured in number of offspring |
| Inclusive fitness | measured in number of genetic kin |
| Grandmother hypothesis | Menopause as an adaptation: post-menopausal women invest more in grandchildren, from classical to inclusive fitness |
| Cephalocaudal | development proceeds from head to feet |
| Proximodistal | development proceeds from center to extremeties |
| Critical periods | Begins and ends abruptly, phenomenon will not emerge, ex. vision (blind kittens) second language |
| Sensitive periods | begins and ends gradually, time of maximum sensitivity, ex. first language |
| Teratogens | Refers to anything tha cna potentially harm the development of the fetusex. alcohol, nicotine, meth |
| Embryo Protection Hypothesis | Morning sickness is adaptive. Morning sickness prevents mothers from consuming teratogens |
| Evidence of Embryo Protection Hypothesis | Morning sickness peasks 2-4 weeks after conception , morning sickenss disappears by 14th week (organogenesis is complete), women who experience morning sickness are 3x less likely to have spontaneous abortion, morning sickness occurs cross-culturally. |
| Low birth weight | weigh less than 5.5 pounds |
| Preterm | born 3 or more weeks early |
| Small for date | weighs less than 90% of infants of the same age |
| Kangaroo Care | helps baby coordinate physiological needs |
| Massage Therapy | helps baby's physical and emotional growth |
| Als' Therapy | Prevents baby from being overstimulated |
| Neuron | dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath |
| Embryonic development | genes from our DNA create neural connectionsEnv |
| Infant development after birth | environmental experience guides the brain's development |
| newborn sensation | occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors (eyes, ears, tongue, signals sent to brain via neurons) |
| Newborn touch | mouth- pucker, face- turn towards the stimulus |
| Newborn smell | distinguish between mother's breast and a wired breast plate |
| Newborn taste within 2 hours | respond to salty, bitter, and sweet |
| Newborn tast within 4 months | prefer salty, used to be averse |
| Malnutrition of macronutrients | not enough calories, ex. Kwashiokor, Marasmus (deficient in protein) |
| malnutrition of micronutrients | not enough vitamins and minerals, ex. growth is stunted |
| REM: Rapid Eye Movement | Most critical part of recover, dreaming occurs, paradoxical sleep, long enough, infants and adults experience REM differently |
| Paradoxical sleep | high neuron activity, same as when awake |
| Infant sleep deprivation effects | poor control over emotions, in bad moods for longer periods of time, not enough neural synapses |
| Benefits of cosleeping | encourages breastfeeding, easier to sleep, feeling of closeness |
| Costs of cosleeping | Smothering, crushed bones, death |
| SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) | High risk age 1-3 months, Leading cause of death for infants 1-12 months, sleeping on backs on firm surface without toys decreases risk. |
| Breastfeeding benefits for infant | Improved weight gain, fewer intestinal problems, improved immune system functioning, improved intelligence, lower rate of SIDS |
| Breastfeeding benefits for mom | faster postpartum recovery and return to pre-pregnancy weight, linked to lower rates of cancer, more economical? |
| Prolonged breastfeeding leads to... | Increased risk for high sholesterol and blood pressure, linked to heart disease and inadequate growth, health benefits to 6 months outweight risks, mom's milk changes over time |
| Adaptive reflexes | work across the lifespan, ex. withdrawaing from pain and blinking |
| Primitive reflexes | are controlled by the primitive brain and work only during infancy, ex. rooting, sucking, moro, stepping, swimming |
| Infants prefer to look at | cruved lines, 3D figures, human faces, mother's face, hairlines, eyebrows, and chines, attractive faces, eyes, bright colors |
| Child-directed speech/motherese | higher pitch, rythmic, repitious, question and answer format, recast, preferred over adult-directed speech |
| Cooing | squealing, gurgling |
| Babbling | Mimicking sounds |
| Receptive Language | Words have no meaning |
| Holophrases | "Da"--> "I want that", gestures |
| Naming explosion | 50-->200 words, nouns most common, word knowledge= that of a dog |
| Telegraphic speech | "All gone"--> "My glass is empty" |
| Object Permanence | Hidden toy task, shows child has developed the ability to explore mentally, success marks the end of sensorimotor stage |
| A-not-B Error | When hidden object in location B infants continue to search for object in location A although saw switch of locations |
| Lateralization in early childhood | Corpus Callosum, Language localized in left hemisphere, handedness appears |
| Myelination in early childhood | Reticular formation (attention, concentration), Hippocampus (long-term memory), makes processing more efficient (faster conclusion) |
| Growth Spurt in early childhood | increase in number/size of synaptic connections, massive reorganization and growth of frontal lobe, increased dopamine concentration |
| Prefrontal cortex | shows extensive development from 3 to 6 years of age and is believed to play important roles in attention and working memory |
| Egocentrism | inability to distinguish between one's perspective and someone else's, ex. Three Mountains Task |
| Animism | Giving "life" to inanimate objects, "The plane is drooling!" |
| Sex/gender roles | culturally determined behaviors associated with males and females |
| Gender concept | Understanding what it means to be a boy or a girl, classifying gendered behavior |
| Gender Identity | "Im a boy" (9-12 months-3 years) |
| Gender Stability | "I will always be a boy" (4 years) |
| Gender consistency | "He's a boy, even though he has long hair" (5 years) |
| Gender Constancy | Kohlberg. Once developed, children pay more attention to same-sex models and begin to perform gender |
| Schema | a mental structure for organizing information. Allows formaiton of gender concept, alloes self-identification, results in same-sex friend/toy preferences |
| Theory of mind | the understanding the others have minds similar, but not exactly the same, as our own |
| Morality and Lying | cying increases as children age, a majority of lies in childhoof are "white lies" |
| Motor skills in middle childhood | Increased myelination of the CNS yeilds improvement in motor skills, girls outperform boys in fine motor skills, boys outperform girls in gross motor skills |
| Fine motor skills | little muscle groups (fingers, handwriting) |
| Gross motor skills | large muscle groups (legs, running) |
| Classification in middle childhood | classify and divide (family tree) |
| Seriation in middle childhood | order stimuli or objects (ordering sticks by length) |
| Transivity in middle childhood | combine relationships for undestanding (If stick A is longer than stick B and stick B is longer than stick C which stick is the longest) |
| Conservation in middle childhood | change in shape does not change quantity (conservation tasks) |
| Metacognition in middle childhood | knowledge about knowing (spelling test, aware of what words you don't know) |
| Metamemory in middle childhood | knowledge about memory, knowledge about what helps you remember (flashcards, etc.) |
| Expertise in middle childhood | pick one thing and know all about that subject (dinosaurs) |
| Strategies in middle childhood | mental imagery for remembering verbal information |
| Fuzzy Trace Theory | Increases in gist memory (understand overall what is happening, reading comprehension) |
| Gathering hypothesis | girls are better at spatial location memory because ancestors needed it to gather |
| Hunting hypothesis | boys are better at navigation and mental rotation because ancestors needed it to hunt |
| Industry | master knowledge and intellectual skills, competence (culturally defined) |
| Inferiority | feeling incompetent and unproductive |
| Emotional Regualtion in middle childhood - teens | increased knowledge of "rules" for emotional expression, linked to school adjustment, how you display your emotions |
| Self description in middle childhood - teens | increased use of psychological characteristics (nice, helpful), increased use of social references |
| Self-esteem in middle childhood - teens | global evaluations of self (good person, good friend) |
| Self-efficacy in middle childhood - teens | belief that you can master a situation and produce + outcomes, I can vs. cannot |
| Social cognition | thinking about social matters, processing information about world, decode social cues, interpret, search for response, selectoptimal response, enact, DECIPHERING WHAT IS HAPPENING IN ENVIRONMENT |
| Social knowledge | how to get alone with peers and make friends, proper scripts |
| Popular tweens | frequently nominated, liked, demonstrate social and emotional skill sets, listening skills, control negative emotions, happy, enthusiastic, self-confident |
| Average tweens | both + and - peer nominations |
| Neglected tweens | infrequently nominated, but not disliked, may lack social skills or appear shy, often targeted by social interventions |
| Rejected tweens | infrequently nominated, disliked, avoided, "serious" social adjustment problems, may be lonely and dislike school, rejection + agression = deliquancy? |
| Controversial tweens | frequently nominated, disliked, definately present in class that others are afraid of (bullies) |
| Benefits of friendships in tweens | companionship, stimulation, physical support (offering time, lend money), ego support (have friends--> positively affects you), social comparison, affection and intamacy (share secrets, helps ego) |
| Gender differences in friendships in tweens | girls have fewer friends, greater focus on intimacy. boys have more friendships, but lower on intimacy and affection |
| Caregiver sibling | quasi-parental |
| Buddy sibling | want to be alike, have fun together |
| Critical/conflictual sibling | involves teasing and fighting, remains friendly overall |
| Rival sibling | one sibling tries to dominate the other, less friendly fighting than critical/conflictual relationships |
| Casual sibling | siblings spend little time together |
| Modeling | bobo doll experiment, attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
| Indiscriminate resposiveness to humans (Bowlby) | movement toward human figures, indiscriminate, social smile |
| Focusing on familiar people | familiar and unfamiliar figures |
| Intense attachment and active proximity-seeking | Monitor parents' whereabouts, exploration from secure base and near attachment figures, first signs of strangers being treated with caution |
| Partnership behavior | More willing to let parent go |
| Primary aging | physically-based effects of aging, universally experienced |
| Secondary aging | environmentally-based effects of aging (health habits, disease) individually experienced |
| Paternity Uncertainty | parenting is potentially less profitable for fathers because there is some probability child is not his and misdirected resources cost a lot. |
Created by:
carlyrobertson44
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