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What is a deep, enduring emotional bond between people?
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What is the vertical organization of primary and secondary attachment figures for a specific child, with a preferred attachment figure at the top?
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C&I2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a deep, enduring emotional bond between people? | attachment |
| What is the vertical organization of primary and secondary attachment figures for a specific child, with a preferred attachment figure at the top? | attachment hierarchy |
| Innate, universal/ biologically programmed into children/ mother-love/ a safe haven/ a secure base/ fairly stable are key ideas that have to do with what? | attachment |
| Children thrive (better/worse) in bad homes than in good institutions? | better |
| Mary Ainsworth believed that children who display intense attachment behaviors (are/are not) more attached? | are not |
| Mary Ainsworth believes that a secure child (may/may not) take their mother for granted? | may |
| Mary Ainsworth believes what about an anxious child who will not leave mother’s lap? | insecurely attached |
| What is a sub-discipline of biology concerned with the study of animal behavior that uses evolutionary perspective to explain behavior? | ethology |
| Ethology asks “what is the function of this behavior?”, what is the ultimate function? | to pass on genes |
| What are the two functions of attachment? | a SAFE HAVEN from danger by keeping children close to adult protector and a SECURE BASE for moving outward to explore the world |
| What is imprinting of geese and example of? | critical period |
| Humans (do/do not) have critical period? | do not |
| When are humans sensitive period? | first 1-2 years |
| When looking at age trends in attachment, what changes, and what does not change? | behavior changes but function does not. |
| What are examples of early childhood attachment behaviors? | separation distress & stranger wariness |
| What are examples of middle childhood and adolescence attachment behavior? | tolerate greater physical separation & healthy independence results from secure attachment |
| Attachment can be measured by what? | strange situation procedure (SSP) & Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) |
| What are the four types of attachments? | secure, insecure avoidant, insecure-resistance, disorganized |
| What is secure attachment like during SSP (strange situation procedure)? | freely explore while attachment figure is present; may or may not cry when separated; show delight when reunited; quickly soothed by attachment figure; prefer parent over stranger |
| What is insecure avoidant attachment like during SSP? | explore while ignoring parent; do not seem to care when parent leaves; do not clearly prefer parent over stranger; when parent returns, ignore or turn away |
| What is an insecure resistant attachment like during SSP? | hover near parent with little exploration; distress by separation; difficult to soothe when parent returns; seem ambivalent when parent returns: go to parent but act angry; may hit parent |
| Disorganized attachment during SSP? | seem to want to be with parent and to avoid at the same time; behavior bizarrely (may approach then run away); may rock back and forth; no coherent response to parent |
| What are risk factors for insecure attachment? | low academic achievement; lower social competence; anxiety; poor physical growth; less compliance; difficulty discussing emotions; adhd symptoms; psychopathology and delinquency |
| What parent behavior predicts secure attachment? | sensitive responsiveness (providing encouragement, assistance and reassurance); non-intrusiveness; consistent acceptance, warmth, openness, involvement |
| What are Internal Working Models (IWM)? | memories and expectations that children carry into new situations based upon previous experience; stable, and incorporated into the personality, by about the age of 3, self-fulfilling prophecies; resistance to change |
| How can you promote secure teacher-child relationships? | be sensitive and have positive interactions; learn about child development; be prepared for class; hold high expectations; use noncoercive descipline; intervene to improve poor teacher-student relations |
| What are some examples of school bonding? | attachment to school; feel cared for at school; network of relationships with peers and teachers; especially important for students at risk |
| What are differences in intensity and pattern of emotions and reactivity to environment; psychological and physiological traits that are present early in life and predict later personality? | temperament |
| What are temperament traits? | activity level; effortful control (controlling attention); negative emotionality (irritated); behavioral inhibition |
| Temperament types? | difficult; easy; slow to warm up |
| What are risk factors for behavior problems, drug use, depression, peer rejection, low achievement, aggression, anxiety? | negative emotionality |
| What are protective factors for aggression and injuries? | behavioral inhibition |
| How can behavioral inhibition be a risk factor for social problems, but only for nonsociable children? | inhibited children can be sociable or nonsocialbe; shyness in young children is not a cause for concern, but can be a risk factor after age 9 |
| Punitive parents of a child with difficult temperament is a good/poor fit? | poor fit |
| A gentle, accepting parent with a child who is overly self-critical is a good/poor fit? | good fit |
| What factors contribute to temperament? | physiology and genes & parenting and attachment |
| Goodness of fit is linked to what? | child outcomes among temperament |
| What influences whether genes are expressed? | environment |
| Genes may influence outcomes only when acting with what? | environment |
| How may genes make some children more susceptible to their environment? | orchid children with high-risk genes may have blow average outcomes in negative environment and above average positive environment |
| What are the Big 5 personality traits? | openness to experience; conscientiousness; extraversion; agreeableness; neuroticism |
| Personality types? | resilient, overcontrolled, undercontrolled |
| What personality type is most common? | resilient |
| What personality type is least common? | overcontrolled |
| What is resilient personality traits? | high openness; high conscientiousness; low neuroticism |
| What is overcontrolled personality traits? | low extraversion; high agreeableness; high neuroticism |
| What is undercontrolled personality traits? | high extraversion; low agreeableness; low conscientiousness |
| What is a If-then aspect of personality; situation dictates “if” and personality dictates “then”? | personality stability |
| What does personality predict of a higher gpa? | conscientious, agreeable, open students; resilient and overcontrolled students |
| What does personality predict of fewer behavior problems? | conscientious, agreeable students |
| What does personality predict of more delinquency? | less conscientious and agreeable to more extraverted students (boys) |
| As a child gets older, the population of undercontrol (slightly/drastically) decreases? | drastically |
| As a child gets older, the population of overcontrolled (slightly/drastically) decreases? | slightly |
| As a child gets older, the population of resilient (decreases/stays the same)? | stays the same |
| A key insight of attachment theory is what? | securely attached infants use their attachment figure as a base for exploration |
| A one-year-old child largely ignores the fact that his mother has left him with a stranger and does not seem to care when mother returens. What form of attachement is thais? | insecure avoidant |
| A child views herself as unworthy of love, and expects that adults will be unresponsive and uncaring. She has a negative what? | internal working model |
| What is true of temperament? | temperament is more likely to be stable if the environment is stable |
| Temperament traits discussed in the text include what? | negative emotionality and behavioral inhibition |
| Parent Hale Sandusky believes that children who have to be active and into something all the time are difficult and annoying. Sandusky’s 12 year old daughter is active and getting into things all the time. This situation illustrates what? | poor fit |
| What is the best “goodness of fit” in china? | Inhibited |
| What two personality types are represented as having relatively high achievement over time? | Resilient and overcontrolled |
| Stability of things such as attachment, temperament, traits, and personality is strongly influenced by what? | stability of the environment |
| Stability of things such as attachment, temperament, traits, and personality is strongly influenced by what? | stability of the environment |
| What are some behaviors of parents who have securely attached children? | They tend to be sensitive and responsive |
| What is the ability to inhibit impulses, obey rules, ignore distractions, be patient, and stay focused on a task? | self-control |
| Delay of gratification is a type of what? | self-control |
| Self-reported impulsivity (increases/decreases) by age? | decreases |
| The ability of self control (stays consistent/decreases) across the years? | stable |
| Stability across situations depends on situations such as? | distracting thoughts, temptations are out of sight, labeling children as patient-“you are so patient. I know I can count on you to wait quietly” |
| What does self-control predict? | academic achievement and social competence |
| What are the three types of social competence? | more cooperative and better relationships in class; less aggressive, fewer behavior problems; less delinquency (& less drug use) |
| What predicts self-control? | cognitive abilities like intelligence and inhibitory control; practice engaging in self-control; fatigue of self-control; attachment; religiosity; parental monitoring |
| Collectivist cultures place needs of group over what? | needs of individual |
| Collectivist cultures emphasize what? | interdependence and group obligations |
| What countries are collectivist cultures? | Asian, African and Latin countries |
| Individualist cultures place independence, rights and self-reliance above what? | duty to group |
| What countries are individualist cultures? | European and North American countries |
| What country has the highest rating of importance of conforminty? | Cambodia |
| What are classroom implications? | reduce distractions and interruptions; exercise student’s self-control without overtaxing it; feed students; do activities that tax self-control early; communicate high expectations for self-control; consult the school counselor |
| Goals for effective discipline? | encourage appropriate behavior now; promote self-control through committed, not situational, compliance |
| What are student’s 4 responses to requests? | compliance, defiance, passive non-compliance, negotiation |
| Types of discipline? | induction; love withdrawal, power assertion |
| What is an explanation for rules and consequences for others of breaking rules? | induction |
| What is induction most likely a result of? | internalization (or committed compliance) for all ages |
| What is it when an adult expresses anger and disapproval by withdrawing love and affection | |
| What may love withdrawal lead to? | excessive guilt or anger in child |
| What are the 4 ways of using power assertion to control child? | physical punishment; take away objects or privileges; physical control; threaten to use previous |
| What are the costs of power assertions? | decreased long-term compliance; lack of internalization, resentment of disciplinarian, increased need for coercion, can teach aggression, especially corporal punishment |
| What % of abusers are parents or step-parents? | 80% |
| Sexual abusers are more likely to be who? | friends, neighbors, or relatives |
| Abuse is most common in families that experience what? | financial hardship |
| What is the most common type of child abuse? | neglect |
| What are the three principles of effective discipline? | Achieve compliance by high probability requests; maintain positive emotional tone; use the least amount of power that is sufficient to achieve compliance |
| Even if you achieve compliance for the moment, if you have not moved the student toward what? your discipline encounter has not been fully effective? | internalization |
| What is making request until you achieve compliance and do not escalate demands by getting louder or making threats? | persistent persuasion |
| What are three examples of diversity? | SES; Ethnicity ; cross-national comparisons |
| What are different types of behavior modification? | document base rate for behavior; provide positive consequences for positive behavior; change behavior in small steps; give immediate feedback; be consistent; set explicit goals; allow adequate practice |
| What are four cautions for punishment? | don’t punish by removing from opportunity to learn; don’t use supposed punishment that is actually reinforcing; avoid modeling bad behavior; don’t punish in a way that sends negative message about learning activities |
| What % of discipline in classroom is elimination? What % counselor? | 75%-15% |
| What are ways to deal with classroom management? | establish routine for common activities, provide interesting activities, avoid competition among individuals, have a few clear ruels, arrange the physical environment to foster appropriate behavior |
| How can you be culturally responsive with classroom management? | Recognize your own cultural biases; use strategies that fit your studens’ cultural backgrounds; eliminate institutional bias; help all students feel cared for |
| What kind of parents are low in control and demandingness and low in acceptance and responsiveness? | indifferent |
| What kind of parents are high in control and demandingness and low in acceptance and responsiveness? | authoritarian |
| What kind of parents are low in control and demandingness and high in acceptance and responseivenes? | indulgent |
| What kind of parents are high in control and demandingness and high in acceptance and responsiveness? | authoritative |
| What are a child outcomes of indifferent parenting styles? | low self-control; low achievement; high delinquency |
| What are child outcomes of indulgent styles? | low self-control and delinquent; low achievement; socially skilled and self-confident; peer oriented |
| What are child outcomes of authoritarian styles? | somewhat obedient (situational compliance), adequate achievement; lack of self-confidence |
| What are child outcomes of authoritative parenting styles? | high self-control; highest achievement; highest social competence, self-esteem and secure attachment |
| What are the critical factors of diversity? | context and parent personalities |
| What kind of parenting is linked to more behavior problems and lower achievement, compared to what parenting, for al children? | authoriatian-authoritative |
| The effects of parenting are weaker for who than for white and latino? | weaker for black and asian children |
| What kind of parenting may be interpreted differently in some cultures as a sign of caring instead of rejection? | authoritarian |
| Induction is optimal for promoting what in children? | self-control |
| The effect of discipline depends on what? | warmth of the relationship |
| Students are more engaged and cooperative with what kind of teachers? | authoritative (warm and supportive) |
| What is a method of measuring delay of gratification in preschoolers as described in text? | see how long children can wait before they touch a tempting item like candy |
| Research on delay of gratification showed that delay during preschool was related to what later in life? | school grades and SAT scores |
| Which of the following could be a good response to discipline? | negotiation |
| Which is the most common form of child abuse? | neglect |
| Ms. Duff has observed off bruises and burn marks on 7 year old Peter. He suspects abuse. As a teacher he must do what? | report evidence of abuse |
| What is a guideline for effective behavior modification? | use shaping (reinforcing small steps toward the target behavior) |
| Authoritarian parents favor what? | punitive measures to control chidlren’s behavior |
| Parenting styles are categorized based on what two dimensions? | responsiveness and control |
| Which parenting style is demanding of the child yet also warm and supportive? | authoritative |
| How is self-control related to parenting? | authoritative parenting fosters self-control |
| The ability to regulate one’s own emotions and to understand other’s emotions? | emotional competence |
| A subjective reaction to an important event? | emotion |
| What are three aspects of emotion? | physiological change; readiness to act; appraisal (interpretation of event) |
| When do basic emotions appear? | within first month of birth |
| What are 6 basic emotions? | interest, joy, sadness, anger, disgust, fear |
| When do social emotions appear? | first year |
| What are 5 social emotions? | envy, embarrassment , shame, guilt, pride |
| Ability to control one’s emotions, ability to alter intensity and duration of emotions in order to meet goals? | emotion regulation |
| What are the two types of emotion regulation coping strategies? | problem-focused coping strategies (try to change situation); emotion-focused coping strategies (try to change emotions) |
Created by:
arcall