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Public Speak Fallacy
Fallacies for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. | Red Herring (smoke screen, wild goose chase) |
| attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute | Ad Hominem (appeal to attack) |
| forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two exist | Either-Or |
| assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable | Bandwagon |
| assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that can't be prevented | Slippery Slope |
| occurs when someone presents a causal relationship for which no real evidence exists; e.g. superstitious beliefs | questionable cause |
| we are not always certain what is the cause and what is the effect in causal situations | Misidentification of the Cause |
| because two things occur close together in time, we assume that one caused the other | Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc (after it, therefore because of it) |
| false appeals substituted for sound reasoning and a critical examination of the issues | Fallacies of Relevance |
| to serve as a basis for beliefs, authorities must have legitimate expertise in the area; after people appeal to unqualified authorities | Appeal to Authority |
| argues that a practice or way of thinking is "better" or "right" simply because it is older, or it has "always been done that way" | Appeal to Tradition |
| instead of providing supporting evidence, the reasons are designed to make us feel sorry for the person involved and agree out of sympathy | Appeal to Pity |
| people who use it are interested only in prevailing, regardless of which position might be more justified | Appeal to Fear |
| designed to influence the thinking of others by appealing to their vanity as a substitute for providing relevant evidence to support a point of view | Appeal to Flattery |
| occurs when someone makes himself or herself a special exception, without sound justification, to the reasonable application of standards, principles, or expectations. | Special Pleading |
| the person offering the conclusion is asking his opponent to disprove the conclusion; if the opponent is unable to do so, then the conclusion is asserted to be true | Appeal to Ignorance |
| instead of providing relevant evidence in support of a conclusion, it simply "goes in a circle" by assuming the truth of what it is supposedly proving. | Begging the Question |
| you attack someone's point of view by creating an exaggerated version of the position, and then you knock it down | Straw Man |
| attempts to justify a morally questionable action by arguing that it is a response to another wrong action, either real or imagined | Two Wrongs Make a Right |
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