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PSY 218 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anxiety | A term used to describe respondent behavior involving the activation of the autonomic nervous system (including rapid heart rate, shallow rapid breathing, and increased muscle tension). Autonomic arousal is an establishing operation that increases the pr |
| Attention-focusing Exercises | A type of anxiety-reduction strategy in which one focuses attention on a pleasant or neutral stimulus to remove attention from the anxiety-producing stimulus. |
| Behavioral Relaxation Training | A type of relaxation training in which one assumes a relaxed posture in all of the major muscle groups of the body to achieve relaxation. |
| Contact Desensitization | A form of in vivo desensitization in which the therapist provides reassuring physical contact, such as holding the client's hand or placing a hand on the client's back, as the client progresses through the hierarchy. |
| Diaphragmatic Breathing | A type of relaxation exercise in which one engages in slow, rhythmic breathing, using the diaphragm muscle to pull air deep into the lungs. |
| Fear | Occurs when a stimulus situation elicits autonomic nervous system arousal and the individual engages in behavior to avoid or escape from the stimulus situation. |
| Fear Hierarchy | Used in systematic desensitization or in vivo desensitization procedures, where various fearful situations are listed in order from least to most fear-provoking. Each new situation in the hierarchy is only slightly more fear-provoking than the last. |
| In Vivo Desensitization | The client first learns relaxation. Next, the client develops a fear hierarchy. Finally, the client makes actual contact with the fear-producing situation at each step in the hierarchy, learning to relax at each step. |
| Phobia | A fear in which the level of anxiety or escape and avoidance behavior is severe enough to disrupt the person's life. |
| Progressive Muscle Relaxation | A relaxation procedure in which the client learns to tense and relax each muscle of the major muscle groups of the body. By this means, the client decreases muscle tension and autonomic arousal in the body. |
| Relaxation Training | A procedure for teaching a person the skills needed to decrease anxiety by producing an incompatible state of relaxation. Includes progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, attention-focusing exercises, and behavioral relaxation training. |
| Systematic Desensitization | A procedure used to treat a fear or phobia. The person first learns relaxation. Next, develops a fear hierarchy. Finally, the person uses the relaxation procedure as he imagines each situation, starting with least fearful. Goal=replace fear with relax- |
| Cognitive Behavior | Covert verbal or imaginal behavior. Examples include thinking, talking to yourself, imagining specific behaviors or situations, and recalling events of the past. Cognitive behavior is influenced by the same environmental variables that influence overt b |
| Cognitive Behavior Modification | Procedures used to help people change some aspect of their cognitive behavior. Includes procedures to help people eliminate undesirable cognitive behaviors and procedures to teach people more desirable behaviors (i.e. cognitive coping skills training) |
| Cognitive Coping Skills Training | A cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the person learns specific self-statements for use in a problem situation to improve his performance or influence his behavior. An example is self-instructional training. |
| Cognitive Restructuring | A cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the client learns to Identify thoughts that are distressing and learns to eliminate those thoughts or to replace them with more desirable thoughts. |
| Cognitive Therapy | A type of cognitive restructuring, originally developed by Beck, in which the therapist teaches the client to identify and change his or her distorted thoughts or self-talk. |
| Self-Instructional Training | A type of cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the client learns to make specific self-statements that increase the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a specific situation. |
| Behavioral Contract | A written document that specifies a particular target behavior for a client and the consequences that will be contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in a stated period of time. |
| One-Party Contract | A behavioral contract in which one person seeks to change a target behavior. The person arranges the contract with a contract manager, who implements the contingency. |
| Parallel Contract | A two-party contract in which two people each seek behavior change. Both people specify their behavior to be changed and the consequence for their behavior. However, the contract behaviors and consequences are independent. |
| Quid Pro Quo Contract | A two-party contract in which two people each specify a behavior that they will change in return for the behavior change of the other person. |
| Rule-Governed Behavior | Behavior that is controlled by a verbal statement (a rule) about a contingency between the behavior and a consequence. |
| Two-Party Contract | A type of behavioral contract in which two people both identify behaviors to change and the consequences for the behavior change. |
| Backup Reinforcer | Reinforcers used in a token economy. A client receives tokens for desirable behaviors and exchanges a specified number of tokens for any of a variety of backup reinforcers. |
| Token | The token is something that can be given to another person and accumulated by that person. The token is a conditioned reinforcer because it is given to the person after a desirable behavior is exchanged for established reinforcers called backup reinforcer |
| Token Economy | A reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers called tokens are delivered to people for desirable behaviors: the tokens are later exchanged for backup reinforcers. |
| Awareness Training | A component of the habit reversal procedure in which the person is taught to identify each instance of a particular habit behavior as it occurs. |
| Competing Response | An alternative behavior that occurs in place of another target behavior. Typically, the competing response is physically incompatible with the target behavior, so its occurrence competes with the occurrence of the target behavior. |
| Competing Response Training | A component of the habit reversal procedure in which the client is taught to engage in a competing response contingent on the occurrence of the habit behavior or contingent on the urge to engage in the habit behavior. |
| Habit Behavior | A repetitive behavior in one of three categories: nervous habits, tics, and stuttering. |
| Habit Disorder | A repetitive behavior that is distressing to the person. Habit disorders include nervous habits, motor and vocal tics, and stuttering. |
| Habit Reversal | Includes awareness training, competing response training, social support, generalization strategies, and motivational strategies. |
| Motivation Strategy | Part of the habit reversal procedure used to increase the likelihood that the client will use the competing response outside the treatment sessions to control habit. |
| Motor Tics | Repetitive, jerking movements of a particular muscle group in the body. |
| Nervous Habit | Repetitive, manipulative behaviors that are most likely to occur when a person experiences heightened tension. Nervous habits do not typically serve any social function for the individual. |
| Regulated Breathing | The competing response that is used in the habit reversal treatment for stuttering. |
| Social Support | A component of the habit reversal procedure in which a significant other praises the client for correct use of the competing response and prompts the client to use the competing response when the habit behavior occurs. |
| Social Support (continued) | In general, social support occurs when significant others are involved in implementing contingencies in the natural environment to help a person reach a self-management goal. |
| Stuttering | A speech disfluency in which the individual repeats words or syllables, prolongs a word sound, and/or blocks on a word (makes no sound for a period of time when trying to say a word). |
| Tourette's Disorder | A tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal tics that have occurred for at least 1 year. |
| Vocal Tic | A repetitive vocal sound or word uttered by an individual that does not serve any communicative function. |
| Behavior Contract | A written document that specifies a particular target behavior for a client and the consequences that will be contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in a stated period of time. |
| Controlled Behavior | The target behavior that is influenced in a self-management project. |
| Controlling Behavior | The use of self-management strategies in which the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior and/or alternative behaviors are modified. |
| Goal Setting | A self-management strategy in which the person decides on and writes down the desired level of the target behavior he hopes to achieve as a result of self-management procedures. |
| Self-Instructions | Self-statements that make it more likely that a target behavior will occur in a specific situation. |
| Self-Management | Behavior modification procedures used by a person to change his or her own behavior. In a self-management strategy, the person engages in a behavior that alters an antecedent or consequence of the target behavior or alternative behavior. |
| Self-Praise | Making positive statements to yourself or providing positive evaluations of your own behavior after engaging in an appropriate behavior. |
| Short-Circuiting The Contingency | Cheating. |
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