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Chapter 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Two clotting factors produced by the liver are | prothrombin and fibrinogen |
| In the process of transamination, the liver synthesizes the | nonessential amino acids |
| Excess amino acids will be deaminated by the liver and used for | energy production |
| When blood glucose level is low, the liver changes its stored | glycogen to glucose |
| When blood glucose level is high, the liver changes incoming | glucose to glycogen |
| Four vitamins stored by the liver are | A D E K; B12 |
| The minerals stored by the liver are | iron and copper |
| Voluntary control of the defecation reflex is provided by the | external anal sphincter |
| As part of the defecation reflex, the internal anal sphincter will | relax |
| The effector of the defecation reflex is the | rectum which contracts |
| The stimulus for the defecation reflex is stretching of the | rectum |
| The part of the CNS that is directly involved in the defecation reflex is the | spinal cord |
| Proteins are digested by enzymes from the | stomach and pancreas |
| Fats are digested by digestive secretions from the | liver and pancreas |
| Carbohydrates are digested by enzyme from the | salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine |
| Pancreatic lipase contributes to the digestion of | fats |
| Pancreatic trypsin contributes to the digestion of | proteins |
| Pancreatic amylase contributes to the digestion of | starch |
| In the duodenum, HCl from the stomach is neutralized by | bicarbonate pancreatic juice |
| The enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine secrete the hormones | secretin and cholecystokinin |
| Contraction of the gallbladder is stimulated by the hormone | cholecystokinin |
| The cystic duct is a two-way duct, carrying bile into or out of the | gallbladder |
| The function of the gallbladder is to | store and concentrate bile |
| The digestive function of bile is to | emulsify fats |
| The enzymes produced by the small intestine complete the digestion of | proteins and carbohydrates; sugars |
| The surface area of the small intestine is increased by | circular folds and villi and microvilli |
| The surface area of the small intestine is increased by folds of the cell membranes of the surface cells called | microvilli |
| The surface area of the small intestine is increased by folds of the mucosa called | villi |
| The surface area of the small intestine is increased by folds of the mucosa and submucosa called | circular folds |
| The part of gastric juice that kills most ingested bacteria is | hydrochloric acid |
| The part of gastric juice that begins the digestion of protein is | pepsin; pepsinogen |
| The part of gastric juice that protects the stomach lining is | mucus |
| The pyloric sphincter prevents backup of chyme from the | small intestine to the stomach |
| Backup of chyme from the small intestine to the stomach is prevented by the | pyloric sphincter |
| The lymph nodules of the alimentary tube are located in the | mucosa |
| The enteroendocrine cells of the alimentary tube are located in the | mucosa |
| The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is the | peritoneum |
| The layer of the alimentary tube that is a serous membrane is the | serosa; mesentery |
| The layer of the alimentary tube that provides peristalsis is the | external muscle layer |
| The layer of the alimentary tube that contains Meissner's plexus is the | submucosa |
| The layer of the alimentary tube that produces digestive enzymes is the | mucosa |
| The lower esophageal sphincter prevents backup of food from the | stomach to the esophagus |
| Backup of food from the stomach to the esophagus is prevented by the | lower esophageal sphincter |
| The esophagus carries food from the | pharynx to the stomach |
| During swallowing, the nasopharynx is covered by the | soft palate |
| During swallowing, the opening to the larynx is covered by the | epiglottis |
| Two functions of the tongue that are concerned with digestion are | chewing and swallowing |
| The cranial nerve pair that is motor to the tongue is the | hypoglossal |
| The cranial nerves for the secretion of saliva are the | facial and glossopharyngeal |
| The cranial nerve pair that provides sensation for teeth is the | trigeminal |
| The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the | pulp cavity |
| The function of amylase in saliva is to digest | starch to maltose |
| The end products of protein digestion are | amino acids |
| The end products of fat digestion are | fatty acids and glycerol |
| The end products of carbohydrate digestion are | monosaccharides |
| The actions of pepsin and lipase are examples of | chemical digestion |
| The stomach is located on the upper left side of the abdominal cavity just below the | diaphragm |
| The pancreas is located between the duodenum medially and the | duodenum |
| The changing of food to smaller pieces is called mechanical digestion, and it creates more | surface area |
| Chemical digestion requires enzymes, each of which is specific for a type of | food |
| In the villi of the small intestine, glucose is absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of | active transport |
| In the villi of the small intestine, amino acids are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of active transport | active transport |
| In the villi of the small intestine, fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with | bile salts |
| In the villi of the small intestine, positive ions are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of | active transport |
| In the villi of the small intestine, water is absorbed by the process of osmosis following the absorption of | minerals; ions |
| In the villi of the small intestine, fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with | bile salts |
| In the villi of the small intestine, water-soluble end products of digestion are absorbed into the capillary networks and fat-soluble end products are absorbed into the | lacteals |
| The blood from the small intestine, with absorbed end products of digestion, circulates first to the liver by way of the | portal |
| what salivary glands are located below and in front of the ear | parotid |
| what salivary glands are located at the back corners of the lower jaw | submandibular |
| what salivary glands are located below the floor of the mouth | sublingual |
| what of saliva dissolves food so that it can be tasted | water |
| what in saliva inhibits the growth of some bacteria | lysozyme |
| what in saliva digests starch to maltose | amylase |
| The pancreas is located between the duodenum medially and the | duodenum |
| The changing of food to smaller pieces is called mechanical digestion, and it creates more | surface area |
| Chemical digestion requires enzymes, each of which is specific for a type of | food |
| In the villi of the small intestine, glucose is absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of | active transport |
| In the villi of the small intestine, amino acids are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of active transport | active transport |
| In the villi of the small intestine, fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with | bile salts |
| In the villi of the small intestine, positive ions are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of | active transport |
| In the villi of the small intestine, water is absorbed by the process of osmosis following the absorption of | minerals; ions |
| In the villi of the small intestine, fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with | bile salts |
| In the villi of the small intestine, water-soluble end products of digestion are absorbed into the capillary networks and fat-soluble end products are absorbed into the | lacteals |
| The blood from the small intestine, with absorbed end products of digestion, circulates first to the liver by way of the | portal |
| what salivary glands are located below and in front of the ear | parotid |
| what salivary glands are located at the back corners of the lower jaw | submandibular |
| what salivary glands are located below the floor of the mouth | sublingual |
| what of saliva dissolves food so that it can be tasted | water |
| what in saliva inhibits the growth of some bacteria | lysozyme |
| what in saliva digests starch to maltose | amylase |
| The crown of a tooth provides the chewing surface, and is made of | enamel |
| The root of a tooth is made of dentine, and is anchored in its socket by the | periodontal membrane |
| The digestive system function of the pharynx is swallowing, during which the pharynx | contracts |
| The external muscle layer of the alimentary tube is made of smooth muscle tissue and is responsible for | peristalsis |
| The cranial nerve pair that supplies the alimentary tube is the vagus, and its effect on peristalsis is to | increase |
| In the gastric mucosa, parietal cells secrete HCl chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and G cells secrete | gastrin |
| The secretion of gastric juice is increased by the hormone gastrin, which is secreted by the | G cells; gastric mucosa |
| The digestive function of the liver is the production of what which has the jejunum as its site of action | duodenum |
| Bile leaves the liver by way of the hepatic duct and enters the gallbladder by way of the | cystic duct |
| Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin, and secretion of bicarbonates is stimulated by the hormone | secretin |
| The function of bicarbonate pancreatic juice is to neutralize HCl that comes from the | stomach |
| The ileum of the what empties into the cecum of the colon | small intestine |
| what prevents backup of feces from the colon to the small intestine | ileocecal valve |
| what colon turns medially at the liver and continues as the | transverse colon |
| The transverse colon turns inferiorly at the spleen and continues as the | descending colon |
| The colon absorbs a great deal of water, and also absorbs | vitamins and minerals |
| The normal flora of the colon refer to bacteria that benefit us by producing | vitamins |
| Vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting, and most of our daily supply comes from | colon bacteria |
| The macrophages of the liver are called Kupffer cells, and their function is | phagocytosis |
| The removal of the amine group from an amino acid is called deamination, and this process makes excess amino acids available for | energy production |
Created by:
Erickson_ashley