Chapter 16

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Answer

Two clotting factors produced by the liver are

prothrombin and fibrinogen

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In the process of transamination, the liver synthesizes the

nonessential amino acids

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Excess amino acids will be deaminated by the liver and used for

energy production

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When blood glucose level is low, the liver changes its stored

glycogen to glucose

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When blood glucose level is high, the liver changes incoming

glucose to glycogen

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Four vitamins stored by the liver are

A D E K; B12

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The minerals stored by the liver are

iron and copper

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Voluntary control of the defecation reflex is provided by the

external anal sphincter

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As part of the defecation reflex, the internal anal sphincter will

relax

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The effector of the defecation reflex is the

rectum which contracts

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The stimulus for the defecation reflex is stretching of the

rectum

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The part of the CNS that is directly involved in the defecation reflex is the

spinal cord

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Proteins are digested by enzymes from the

stomach and pancreas

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Fats are digested by digestive secretions from the

liver and pancreas

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Carbohydrates are digested by enzyme from the

salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

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Pancreatic lipase contributes to the digestion of

fats

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Pancreatic trypsin contributes to the digestion of

proteins

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Pancreatic amylase contributes to the digestion of

starch

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In the duodenum, HCl from the stomach is neutralized by

bicarbonate pancreatic juice

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The enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine secrete the hormones

secretin and cholecystokinin

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Contraction of the gallbladder is stimulated by the hormone

cholecystokinin

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The cystic duct is a two-way duct, carrying bile into or out of the

gallbladder

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The function of the gallbladder is to

store and concentrate bile

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The digestive function of bile is to

emulsify fats

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The enzymes produced by the small intestine complete the digestion of

proteins and carbohydrates; sugars

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The surface area of the small intestine is increased by

circular folds and villi and microvilli

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The surface area of the small intestine is increased by folds of the cell membranes of the surface cells called

microvilli

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The surface area of the small intestine is increased by folds of the mucosa called

villi

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The surface area of the small intestine is increased by folds of the mucosa and submucosa called

circular folds

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The part of gastric juice that kills most ingested bacteria is

hydrochloric acid

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The part of gastric juice that begins the digestion of protein is

pepsin; pepsinogen

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The part of gastric juice that protects the stomach lining is

mucus

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The pyloric sphincter prevents backup of chyme from the

small intestine to the stomach

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Backup of chyme from the small intestine to the stomach is prevented by the

pyloric sphincter

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The lymph nodules of the alimentary tube are located in the

mucosa

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The enteroendocrine cells of the alimentary tube are located in the

mucosa

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The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is the

peritoneum

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The layer of the alimentary tube that is a serous membrane is the

serosa; mesentery

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The layer of the alimentary tube that provides peristalsis is the

external muscle layer

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The layer of the alimentary tube that contains Meissner's plexus is the

submucosa

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The layer of the alimentary tube that produces digestive enzymes is the

mucosa

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The lower esophageal sphincter prevents backup of food from the

stomach to the esophagus

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Backup of food from the stomach to the esophagus is prevented by the

lower esophageal sphincter

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The esophagus carries food from the

pharynx to the stomach

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During swallowing, the nasopharynx is covered by the

soft palate

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During swallowing, the opening to the larynx is covered by the

epiglottis

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Two functions of the tongue that are concerned with digestion are

chewing and swallowing

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The cranial nerve pair that is motor to the tongue is the

hypoglossal

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The cranial nerves for the secretion of saliva are the

facial and glossopharyngeal

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The cranial nerve pair that provides sensation for teeth is the

trigeminal

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The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the

pulp cavity

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The function of amylase in saliva is to digest

starch to maltose

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The end products of protein digestion are

amino acids

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The end products of fat digestion are

fatty acids and glycerol

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The end products of carbohydrate digestion are

monosaccharides

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The actions of pepsin and lipase are examples of

chemical digestion

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The stomach is located on the upper left side of the abdominal cavity just below the

diaphragm

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The pancreas is located between the duodenum medially and the

duodenum

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The changing of food to smaller pieces is called mechanical digestion, and it creates more

surface area

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Chemical digestion requires enzymes, each of which is specific for a type of

food

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In the villi of the small intestine, glucose is absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of

active transport

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In the villi of the small intestine, amino acids are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of active transport

active transport

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In the villi of the small intestine, fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with

bile salts

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In the villi of the small intestine, positive ions are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of

active transport

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In the villi of the small intestine, water is absorbed by the process of osmosis following the absorption of

minerals; ions

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In the villi of the small intestine, fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with

bile salts

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In the villi of the small intestine, water-soluble end products of digestion are absorbed into the capillary networks and fat-soluble end products are absorbed into the

lacteals

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The blood from the small intestine, with absorbed end products of digestion, circulates first to the liver by way of the

portal

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what salivary glands are located below and in front of the ear

parotid

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what salivary glands are located at the back corners of the lower jaw

submandibular

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what salivary glands are located below the floor of the mouth

sublingual

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what of saliva dissolves food so that it can be tasted

water

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what in saliva inhibits the growth of some bacteria

lysozyme

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what in saliva digests starch to maltose

amylase

🗑

The pancreas is located between the duodenum medially and the

duodenum

🗑

The changing of food to smaller pieces is called mechanical digestion, and it creates more

surface area

🗑

Chemical digestion requires enzymes, each of which is specific for a type of

food

🗑

In the villi of the small intestine, glucose is absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of

active transport

🗑

In the villi of the small intestine, amino acids are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of active transport

active transport

🗑

In the villi of the small intestine, fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with

bile salts

🗑

In the villi of the small intestine, positive ions are absorbed into the capillary networks by the process of

active transport

🗑

In the villi of the small intestine, water is absorbed by the process of osmosis following the absorption of

minerals; ions

🗑

In the villi of the small intestine, fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lacteals in combination with

bile salts

🗑

In the villi of the small intestine, water-soluble end products of digestion are absorbed into the capillary networks and fat-soluble end products are absorbed into the

lacteals

🗑

The blood from the small intestine, with absorbed end products of digestion, circulates first to the liver by way of the

portal

🗑

what salivary glands are located below and in front of the ear

parotid

🗑

what salivary glands are located at the back corners of the lower jaw

submandibular

🗑

what salivary glands are located below the floor of the mouth

sublingual

🗑

what of saliva dissolves food so that it can be tasted

water

🗑

what in saliva inhibits the growth of some bacteria

lysozyme

🗑

what in saliva digests starch to maltose

amylase

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The crown of a tooth provides the chewing surface, and is made of

enamel

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The root of a tooth is made of dentine, and is anchored in its socket by the

periodontal membrane

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The digestive system function of the pharynx is swallowing, during which the pharynx

contracts

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The external muscle layer of the alimentary tube is made of smooth muscle tissue and is responsible for

peristalsis

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The cranial nerve pair that supplies the alimentary tube is the vagus, and its effect on peristalsis is to

increase

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In the gastric mucosa, parietal cells secrete HCl chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and G cells secrete

gastrin

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The secretion of gastric juice is increased by the hormone gastrin, which is secreted by the

G cells; gastric mucosa

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The digestive function of the liver is the production of what which has the jejunum as its site of action

duodenum

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Bile leaves the liver by way of the hepatic duct and enters the gallbladder by way of the

cystic duct

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Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin, and secretion of bicarbonates is stimulated by the hormone

secretin

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The function of bicarbonate pancreatic juice is to neutralize HCl that comes from the

stomach

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The ileum of the what empties into the cecum of the colon

small intestine

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what prevents backup of feces from the colon to the small intestine

ileocecal valve

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what colon turns medially at the liver and continues as the

transverse colon

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The transverse colon turns inferiorly at the spleen and continues as the

descending colon

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The colon absorbs a great deal of water, and also absorbs

vitamins and minerals

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The normal flora of the colon refer to bacteria that benefit us by producing

vitamins

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Vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting, and most of our daily supply comes from

colon bacteria

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The macrophages of the liver are called Kupffer cells, and their function is

phagocytosis

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The removal of the amine group from an amino acid is called deamination, and this process makes excess amino acids available for

energy production

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