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Memory
Exam One
question | answer |
---|---|
What experiment did Ebbinghaus do? | he taught a group of ppl 'nonsense' syllables (gok, yar, ceb) and would have those ppl recite as many as they could from their short term and long term memories |
how many 'nonsense words' could ppl remember on average? | seven |
how much information do we retain just by paying attention to something? | thirty percent |
what are the three main tasks of memory? | encode, store and retrieve |
what are the parts of the memory? | sensory, STM, LTM |
brief vision, touch, taste, sound | sensory memory |
capacity, duration, and storage are all limited | short term memory |
Who studied the parts of the memory? | Atkinson and Shiffrin |
in STM: to remember the first things in a list | primacy effect |
in STM: to remember the last things in list | recency effect |
in STM: your brain is likely to: | remember unusual things, and try to find groupings in order to help remember things |
in STM: most ppl can retain | 7 +/- 2 'chunks' of information |
in LTM: what I could verbalize and repeat back to someone | declarative |
what are the three types of long-term memory? | declarative, procedural, and episodic |
in LTM: things that are easier to show than tell, like tying your shoe | procedural |
in LTM: you can say it, but you can't explain really how you feel, it's more about the feelings TO YOU | episodic |
in LTM, which is most permanent? | episodic |
in LTM: which is least permanent? | declarative |
in LTM: a grouping of knowledge is know as a | schema |
schemas are what cause us to form | stereotypes |
what is the first schema ever to be developed in most people's lives? | the gender schema (girl = pink, boy = blue) |
when to memories start? | usually around 4 yrs. |
why do memories not start until age 4? | maybe because of your brain structure development - shemas have not yet been developed |
what does freud say about memories not starting until age 4? | he thinks it is because those memories are simply repressed because they were so traumatic. |
maybe it didn't start until age 4 because we could not speak yet... verbal nature of memory | yet this theory is questioned because what is stopping us from remembering procedural and episodic memories? |
sometimes our brian will 'overwrite' memories | replace "puppy" with "my dog rex" or your grade school crush with "bob" |
what is a special type of memory? | flashbulb memory |
what causes a flashbulb memory to remain so vivid? | generational (9/11), rehearsal (9/11 on the news), or social desirability (like gossip) |
what are some problems with your memory? | distortion, construction, and memory disorders |
what is distortion? | to alter what is remembered |
what is construction? | to add information that was never really there |
Four common memory disorders | antegrade amnesia, retrograde amnesia, korsakoff syndrome, and alzheimer |
what is Antegrade amnesia? | forgetting what happened after an accident - not able to create new memories |
what is retrograde amnesia? | forgetting what happened before an accident |
who is an example of antegrade amnesia, though what was he still able to do? | HM was still able to learn how to play the piano (procedural memories) |
what is Korsakoff Syndrome? | the syndrome that when you drink too much it can cause you to lose memory |
what are some ways to help you remember things? | good health, pay attention, rehearse, chunk information, organization, enactment, use cues, elaboration, imagery, and mnemonics |
How many times do most ppl have to rehearse something before it becomes a part of their LTM? | 3-7 times |
what are cues? | lists, calendars |
what is an example of imagery? | the Loci Method (the house) |
what are examples of mnemonics? | rhymes, acronyms (ROY G BIV), acrostics, peg words |
Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve | showed that directly after encoding something, a person would remember most of it... but as time went on, we would remember less and less, until it leveled out to about a 30% retention rate. |