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CTOWN Lecture 12

Food, Sex & Fear: Motivation & Emotion

QuestionAnswer
What is Motivation? any goal directed behaviour; needs, wants, interests, desires that propel us into action
What is the 'Drive' Theory?  Theory applies homeostasis to behaviour  Drive – internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduce experienced tension  Known as ‘push’ theory  LIMITATION – cannot explain all motivation
What is the 'Inventive' Theory?  Proposal that external stimuli regulate motivational states  ‘pull’ theory  Incentive – an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour  Expectancy – value models: examples of incentive theories  Motivation depends on expectancy, va
What is the 'Evolutionary' Theory?  Human motives are the product of evolutionary forces  Natural selection favours those behaviours that maximise reproductive fitness  Eg. Aggression in males I. Facilitates reproductive success because females prefer dominant males
What does LH stand for?  Lateral hypothalamus (LH), LH lesions – no eating
What does VMH stand for?  Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), VMH lesions – excessive eating
What is glucose?  Simple sugar that is an important source of energy  Decrease in glucose level can increase hunger
What is John Mayer's Theory relating to glucose? proposed that hunger regulation is caused by fluctuations of blood-glucose levels  LIMITATIONS of theory – levels don’t fluctuate all that much/fast enough
What is Digestive Regulation?  Cells in the stomach send signals to the brain that inhibit further consumption I. Vagus nerve – carries information about stretching of stomach walls, indicating the stomach is full
Discuss Insulin and its role in hormone regulation. secreted by the pancreas  Must be present for cells to extract glucose from blood  Sensitive to fat stores
Discuss Leptin and its role in hormone regulation. produced by fat cells and released into the bloodstream  Higher levels of fat generate higher levels of leptin  When leptin levels are high, hunger is reduced
Explain the Set-Point Theory (SPT) The tendency to rebound to a particular weight suggests that the body has a natural stability for body weight  When fat stores slip below crucial set-point the body compensates by increasing hunger and decreasing metabolism
Explain the Settling Point Theory  Addresses the limitations of SPT  Weight remains stable as long as there are no durable changes in any of the factors that influence weight  Shift stable point of weight
What is an Ectomorph? delicate frame, fragile, “Hard Gainer”
What is a Mesomorph? “athletic”, hard, muscular body, thick skin, gains muscle easily
What is an Endomorph? “soft body”, underdeveloped muscles, round physique, weight loss is difficult, gains muscle easily
Hormone secretion is regulated by... the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
What is the Coolidge Effect? I. Preference for a variety of sexual partners II. Seen in males III. However, most animals are selective in their choice of partner IV. Females are more selective of the two sexes
Explain the Parental Investment Theory  Males are required to invest little beyond the sex act  Females invest 9 months, plus child-rearing years I. Restricts amount of children female can have III. Females then select the best males to mate with, best ability to rear offspring
What THREE components are present within Emotion?  Subjective, conscious experience (cognitive component)  Physiological arousal (physiological component)  Characteristic, overt expressions (behavioural component)
Explain the Cognitive component.  Highly personal, subjective experience  Difficult to regulate  Difficult to describe  Conscious experience of emotion always includes an evaluative aspect
Explain the Physiological component.  Interconnection between emotions and physiology  Emotions are always accompanied by visceral arousal
What does ANS stand for, and what is it responsible for? Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for fight-or-flight response
What does GSR stand for, and what is it responsible for? Galvanic Skin Response (GSR): electrical conductance of skin when sweat gland activity is heightened
What is the Lymbic system? often viewed as the emotional centre of the brain
What is the Amygdala? plays a central role in emotion regulation, particularly fear responding
Explain Crude processing. o Straight to Amygdala o Rapid responding in threatening situations
Explain the Cognitive Appraisal pathway. o Sent to cortex then to Amygdala o Regulates first crude response
What is the facial-feedback hypothesis? facial muscles send messages to the brain to help it recognise the emotion that is being experienced
What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?  “I am happy BECAUSE I am smiling”  the perception of physiological arousal is what causes the conscious experience of emotion  Assumptions are made about emotions based on physiological responding iii. Pulse is racing = fear
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion?  C-B theory argues that emotions occur when the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the cortex & and the autonomic nervous system
What is Schachter's Two-Factor Theory?  Proposes that situational cues to differentiate between alternative emotions i. Autonomic arousal ii. Cognitive interpretation of that arousal  Autonomic arousal, search the environment for explanation of your response  situation helps label emoti
How did it agree with the J-L Theory?  Agreed with J-L view that emotions are inferred from perception of autonomic arousal
How did it agree with the C-B Theory?  Agreed with C-B view that different emotions share the same patterns of physiological arousal
How did it reconcile these two theories? Reconciliation of these: external cues are used to differentiate & label specific emotions
What were the limitations of the Two-Factor Theory?  Limitation of the model: emotions aren’t as pliable as theory suggests i. Emotional arousal isn’t limited to the situation at hand ii. Emotions aren’t easily molded
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