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SOP Test 3
Module 22-30
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Prejudice | generalized feeling towards a member of a social category |
| What is Stereotyping | Process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group and then inferring that he or she possesses the characteristics generally held by members of that group |
| What is discrimination | behaviors directed toward people on basis of their group membership |
| ABC's of Attitudes | Affect-prejudice, Behavior- discimination, Cognition- stereotype |
| What is stereotype threat? How can it be provoked in the lab or media? How does it work? | Self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
| Social Identity Theory (ingroups,outgroups) | In-group: people with whom we share a common identity Out-group: those perceived as different or apart from our in-group |
| Ingroup bias | People who are more strongly identified with their groups discriminate more against members of other groups |
| Realistic conflict theory | intergroup conflict, & negative prejudices & stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources |
| Scapegoat theory | Process of blaming members of other groups for one’s frustrations & failures |
| Which personality factors might play into prejudice? | |
| Authoritarian personality (RWA) | |
| Outgroup homogeneity effect – what is it? what influences the extent to which we experience this, how does this influence recognition in lineup tasks | |
| Just world phenomena | |
| Aggression | |
| Instrumental aggression | |
| Which parts of the brain are involved in aggression? | |
| What is testosterone’s effect on aggression? | |
| Frustration-aggression theory: original and revision (Berkowitz and his studies of aggression – there are several discussed in your book) | |
| How do weapons impact aggression | |
| How is aggression rewarded? How might this influence how we learn aggression | |
| Social learning theory- Bandura’s Bobo Doll studies | |
| Environmental influences (e.g., pain, heat, attacks, crowding) | |
| How can we reduce aggression? Catharsis – does it work? What evidence supports your answer, Social learning approach | |
| video games, pornography and television | |
| Reward theory of attraction | |
| Proximity effects – why do they occur? | |
| Functional distance | |
| Anticipation of interaction | |
| Mere exposure: Evolutionary explanation, Effect on how we feel about ourselves? Political candidates? | |
| Physical attractiveness-Hatfield et al. (1966) | |
| The matching phenomenon | |
| What does evolution say about attraction? | |
| Contrast effect | |
| Effects of similarity and complementarity | |
| Need to belong (Baumesiter & Leary’s (1995) findings) What happens if we are ostracized (Williams research) | |
| Prisoner’s dilemma – consequences of choices; best choices? | |
| Tragedy of the commons – is it a universal phenomenon? | |
| Similarities between prisoner’s dilemma and tragedy of the commons | |
| Competition-Sherif’s Robber’s Cave study | |
| Misperception and the self-serving bias | |
| Mirror-image perceptions | |
| Does contact improve racial attitudes? When? | |
| Does desegregation improve racial attitudes? How? | |
| Stereo type threat in media | when woman were shown video of dumb women they did worse on there math |
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