Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Social Psych 240
first test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is social psych? | human behavior in social contexts |
| sociology | focuses on the individual, description of behavior is the goal, and uses participation as the main method. |
| social pysch | focuses on the group, makes predictions about behaviors, and uses experimentation as a main method |
| what are the areas of social pysch? | social thinking (how we think about different situations), social influence (behavior is influenced by environment, culture, and genetics), and social relations (how we relate and respond to others) |
| what is the hindsight bias? | the tendency people have to view events as more predictable then they really are. Thinking you knew the outcome all along. |
| correlational designs | nonexperimental, cannot draw cause and effect conclusions, allows you to measure and look at relationships between two variable. |
| types of correlational designs | observational and surveys |
| cons of correlational designs | 3rd variable, wording, directionality |
| experimental designs | determines causation, has independent and dependent variables, random assignment, and experimenter control. |
| what is construct validity? | knowing that we measured what we set out to measure (it is hard to measure love so you construct a scale and hope that you end up measuring it) |
| what is internal validity? | being ocnfident that the changes found in the dependent variable are due to the independent variable. |
| situations with no validity | non experimental research, no experimental control, no random assignment |
| what is external validity? | how well our results can be applied and generalized to other people, places, or time periods |
| what are demand characteristics? | when a subject displays a characteristic that they knew you wanted to see. |
| what is response bias? | answering questions in ways we think the researcher wants us to, not by our true beliefs |
| lab research advantages | you can control every variable, convenience and accuracy in collecting data, and random assignment is better controlled |
| field research advantages | high external, experimental validity, maximized spontaneous behavior. |
| why do we use deception in research? | increases experimental realism and decreases demand characteristics |
| what is self-concept? | who i think i am (outgoing, student) |
| what are prototypes? | cognitive representaions of a kind of person who is characterized by having a related set of characteristics (soccer mom) |
| what are stereotypes? | cognitive representations that are organized around characteristics we ascribe to people based on their social categories (gender, race) |
| what is the spotlight effect? | we tend to think people are focusing on us and our behavior more than they are |
| what is the self reference effect? | your self schema affects how you process information, we remember things better when it is relevant to ourselves |
| what is an upward social comparison? | when we think about people who are better off than us |
| what is a downward social comparison? | when we think about people who are worse than us which makes us feel better about who we are |
| what are social identities? | the groups we belong to (female, swimmer) |
| individualism ideas | "i" we're taught to be independent, self-reliant, self- esteem is personal, conflict is between individuals, happy when doing better than others |
| collectivism ideas | "we", focus on goals of the group, self esteem is relational, conflicts between groups, happy when with others |
| what is self knowledge and the study associated? | what we think we know about ourselves; dutton and aron (bridge study-missattribution of physical arrousal) |
| what is affective forecasting? | we focus on the negative impact of what might happen to us (if we lose our dominant arm we focus on not being able to write instead of the fact that we're still alive) |
| self efficacy | task specific, people with high self efficacy are less anxious and stressed because confidence in one's ability leads to more success. |
| self esteem | overall feeling of one's self. having too much self esteem leads to not being able to accept criticism. |
| problems with redicting our own behavior | we overestimate positive events for ourselves and are not accurate in predicting future mundane events. other people are more accurate. |
| internal locus of control | we think destiny and our fate is controlled by ourselves. if something bad happens they think of ways to change it |
| external locus of control | destiny is controlled by something else. often feel like the victim and don't think theres anything they can do |
| what is learned helplessness? | people will eventually give up trying to find a way out if bad things keep happening to them (seligman's study with shocking dogs) |
| what is self monitoring? | watching what we say or do to make sure we are being socially acceptable. |
| what are coping strategies to deal with threats to self? | escaping, ignoring, downplaying the importance, biased evaluations/ making excuses, self-handicapping, solving the problem |
| what is the self serving bias | we percieve ourselves as being better than average |
| what is the false consensus effect | we overestimate how common our behaviors or opinions are "everyone does this" |
| what are self serving attributions? | when something good happens we attribute it internally (hardworking), when something bad happens we attribute it externally (test format) |
| what is unrealistic optimism? | we are unrealistically optimistic about our future and think bad things wont happen to us |
| what is the false uniqueness effect? | tendency to think we are better than most people |
| what is the self centered bias? | we overestimate how much we contributed when the outcome is positive |
| dispositional attributions | internal; we make inferences about the person involved (person is rude) |
| situational attributions | external; we make inferences about the situation (icy roads) |
| Kelley's theory of attributions | consistency, consensus, distictiveness |
| what is the fundamental attribution error? | tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispostions because of underestimation of situational factors |
| what is belief perserverence? | when we believe something we are resistant to change that belief even if we are presented with information that discredits that belief |
| what is confirmation bias? | when we believe something we look for information that supports our beliefs no matter how small it is |
| what are micro expressions? | tiny glich of the muscles surrounding eyes, mouth, and forehead that last for 1/5 of a second but show a person's true emotion. A way to detect lies. |
| what is the misinformation effect? | when we witness an event and then get some incorrect info about the event we incorporate that incorrect info into our memory |
| automatic processing | requires no time, use of shortcuts, accurate, fast, best-guess, unconscious answer. |
| controlled processing | spend time thinking about it, slow, deliberate, effortful, conscious |
| what is priming | when a concept is activated in the mind it influences subsequent thinking and triggers automatic processes. (studying cancer, start to see symptoms in yourself and think you have it) |
| what is framing | h__t depending on which image you were shown before seeing the word would make you pick a different letter for the blank. Seeing a boxer makes you think "hit" |
| 7 universal facial expressions | sadness, happiness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise, contempt |
| what are heuristics? | mental shortcuts for processing info and making decisions |
| representativeness heuristic | what is most similar to the object is the correct answer. (looking for flour and looking in the baking aisle) |
| availability heuristic | if you can easily recall an event than you think it is more likely to happen (recalling titanic and thinking ships wreck often) |
| anchoring heuristic | what is closer to the starting value is the correct answer. |
| self fulfilling prophecy | a prediction that causes itself to come true due to the fact that the prediction was made. our beliefs influence our actions (a wife nags her husband about cheating and eventually he cheats) |
| implicit attitudes | we are unaware of them |
| explicit attitudes | we are aware of them |
| ways of measuring attitudes- direct | self reports, behavorial measures (duration of eye contact, proximity) |
| ways of measuring attitudes- indirect | bogus pipeline and implicit association test |
| what is the principle of aggregation | if we know what a person does on average then we'll known how they'll act in other situations |
| specific attitudes | better predictor than general attitudes. recycling is important (general) but that doesnt tell you if they recycle everything they use (specific) |
| when attitudes predict behaviors- personal experience | attitudes we acquire through personal experiences are better predictors of behavior than experiences we observe |
| predicting behaviors- vested interest | people who have an interest in a topic that impacts their life are more likely to act upon (and care more) |
| predicting behaviors- self awareness | people who are made self aware of their attitudes are the ones who we are able to better predict their attitudes. |
| predicting attitudes- role playing | we play many roles in life and they shape our attitudes |
| predicting attitudes- foot in the door | asking someone for a small request and if they say yes we can ask for more later. |
| predicting attitudes-low ball techinique | marketings uses to get us to pay more by telling us an intial (low) price and then addint on fees once we agree to it |
| self presentation theory | we are concerned with how we look and what others think. we express behaviors to be consistent so we change our attitudes to match behaviors |
| cognitive dissonance theory | discomfort felt when we do differently then what we believe in-- saving the environment is important but we drive a hummer so we feel dissonance |
| self- perception theory | in situations where our attitudes are weak we make inferences about what we believe on how we're acting (im smoking so i must not be against smoking) |
| over justification effect | if we provide a reward for someone's behavior it will cause them to not want to do it |
Created by:
Jaime.Bauer
Popular Psychology sets