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Image Prod Unit 1
Image Production and Manipulation Ch. 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many different energy levels | Heterogenous |
| Brems radiation is heterogenous or homogenous? | Heterogenous |
| Characteristic Radiation is also known as? | Homogenous or Monochromatic |
| When energy levels are all the same it is termed? | Homogenous |
| The 1st condition necessary for the production of X-rays: | Boiling/Separation off of electrons |
| When electrons are boiled or separated off the term is: | Thermionic Emission (Edison Effect) |
| What is the controlling factor for Thermionic Emission? | mA |
| When increasing the mA on the control console (thereby increasing the heat in the filament) what is also increased? | # of electrons and density |
| What is the 2nd condition necessary for the production of X-rays? | Speed of electrons |
| What is the controlling factor for the speed of electrons? | kVp |
| The 3rd condition necessary for the production of X-rays? | Concentration of electrons |
| What controls the concentration of electrons? | Focusing cup |
| What is the only way to overcome the negative effect of space charge? | Increase kVp |
| When would electrons separate off from the filament but hover in the area around the filament? | Because the exposure switch has not been activated |
| Why is space charge an undesirable quality? | Because it hinders thermionic emission |
| What is the 4th necessary condition in the production of X-rays? | Target - the sudden slowing or stopping of electrons |
| What is transferred at the target? | Kinetic energy to heat and x-rays |
| The more energy the projectile electron loses per interaction, the __________ the Brems photon will be. | Stronger |
| Brems radiation comprises what percentage of the the x-ray beam? | 85%-90% |
| In Brems radiation, when a projectile electron interacts with a positive anode atom it produces an X-ray photon ___________ to the energy lost. | Equal |
| Brems radiation means _______ wavelengths. | Many |
| X-ray photons are ______ energy. | Pure |
| How fast do X-ray photons travel? | Speed of light |
| Chararcteristic radiation comprises what percentage of the beam? | 10% - 15% |
| In characteristic radiation, what is the binding energy of the K shell? | 69kVp |
| _________ atoms have the same number of protons as it does electrons. | Stable |
| When creating a hole in the energy level of an atom it becomes ___________. | Ionized |
| In Characteristic radiation, what is the anode atom composed of? | Tungsten |
| In characteristic radiation, an electron must be borrowed from an outer energy level to fill the hole in the K shell. What is the characteristic photon radiation that is created equal to? | The difference between the K shell binding energy and the energy of the outer level electron that was borrowed. |
| X-ray photons are created at the speed of ______, exists at the speed of _______, or doesn't __________ at all. | Light; Light, Exist |
| The area on which the electrons bombard the anode disk is called the __________ ________. | Focal Spot |
| Stationary anodes have a __________ button. | Tungsten |
| When electrons are released from the cathode and travel to the anode disk it moves how fast? | Approximately 93,000 miles per second |
| Bremsstrahlung radiation means "____________ ___________" | Braking Radiation |
| The number of photons in a beam of radiation defines its ___________. | Intensity |
| What is the measurement of beam intensity? | mR (milliroentgen) |
| What 4 things control the intensity of the beam? | mAs, kV, SID, Filtration |
| Inherent filtration is approximately ______ aluminum equivalent. | .5mm |
| The amount of total filtration (inherent plus added) MUST equal what according to US goverment regulations? | 2.5mm Al eq |
| Name 3 typical added filters: | Aluminum plate, Collimator mirror, plastic cover on the collimator |
| Special application filters that are designed to compensate for variation in thickness or tissue composition across a body part are called what? | Compensating Filters |
| A compensating filter provides a more uniform ___________ on a radiographic image. | Density |
| A trough filter is typically used for what body part? | Chest image |
| The thickest portion of a wedge filter is positioned on the collimator box to correspond with the _____________ portion of the body part. | Thinnest |
| Isotropically means what? | In all directions |
| X-rays that are produced in areas of the anode other than the focal spot is referred to as? | Off-Focus radiation |
| The predominant scatter radiation that produces film fog is called ___________ scatter. | Compton |
| Characteristic radiation is what type of interaction? | Photoelectric interaction |
| What interaction is responsible for the contrast on the image? | Photoelectric interaction |
| When an X-ray photon is completely absorbed by the tissue and no longer exists, but also causes complete absorption of the secondary ionized atom is called what type of interaction? | Photoelectric interaction |
| An interaction that produces scatter radiation but DOES NOT cause ionization is called? | Classic scattering |
| In the electromagnetic spectrum, what are the 3 regions of the continuum of electromagnetic energy? | 1. Visible Light 2. Radio Frequency 3. X-Radiation |
| What are the 3 reasons for reduced intensity of x-ray emissions at low energies? | 1. Not all electrons reach peak energy 2. Brems may happen many times, gets weaker each time. 3. Filters remove low energy photons |
| The symbol for frequency? Unit of measurement? | Nu "μ"; Hz |
| When increasing kVp, give 4 examples of the reaction: | 1. Increasing speed of projectile electron 2. Increasing kinetic energy of electron 3. Increasing strength of the x-ray photon produced 4. Increased frequency of photon |
| When increasing kVp, what is decreased? | Wavelength of photon |
| Symbol for wavelength? Unit of measurement? | λ=Lambda; Angstrom Å |
| "λ min" means what? | Shortest "min" wavelength = Strongest photon in the beam of radiation |
| The distance between the crests of the wave is the ____________. | Wavelength |
| The number of times the crest occurs in the wave refers to what? | Frequency (μ) |
| Frequency and wavelength are _________ proportional. | Inversely |
| What is the characteristic (wavelength and frequency) of a strong x-ray photon? | Short wavelength; high frequency |
| What is the formula for the speed of light? | C= μ x λ ; C= nu x lambda |
| When a photon reacts as though it has the characteristic of matter (ie: dislodging an electron), its referred to as what? | wave-particle duality phenomena |
| List the 12 characteristics of x-rays: (IDES PPHI CFCS) | Invisible; Diverge; Electrically neutral; Speed of light; Penetrating; Affect Photo-film; Heterogenous; Ionize atoms; Crystals floures; Cant be focused; Chem-Bio Changes; Scatter |
| An increase in kVp will have what effect on Brems radiation? | Increase the efficiency and number of Brems radiation |
| An increase in frequency does what to x-ray photon energy? | Increase |
| In Brems radiation the ____________ is the change in electron kinetic energy. | Wavelength |
| The velocity of a photon can be determined by what? | The kinetic energy of the projectile electron |
| What kind of energy is a photon? | Electromagnetic energy |
| Brems radiation is created by the conversion of __________ energy to ___________ energy. | Kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy |
| What are 3 materials that anodes are made of? | Tungsten, Molybdenum, Rhenium |
| The nucleus of an atom has what kind of charge? | Positive |
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foster1317
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