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BIO202-MIDREVIEW-1
BIO202 - Midterm Review 1 - Q & A's from Online Lessons & L
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F, The anterior pituitary secretes antidiuretic hormone. | False - does not secrete |
| The release of hormones from adenohypophysis is controlled by secretions of __. | hypothalamus |
| The __ gland declines in size & function with age. | thymus |
| The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the __. | thyroid |
| The __ gland may influence our day/night cycles & even regulate onset of sexual maturity. | pineal |
| T/F, Many hormones synthesized in gastrointestional tract are chemically identical to neurotranmitters. | True - they are similar |
| T/F, Peptide hormones enter target cells & elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects. | False - they do not |
| T/F, Direct gene activation involves a 2nd messenger system. | False - acts directly |
| T/F, The thyroid gland controls metabolic functions throughout life. | True - it does control metabolic function |
| T/F, ACTH, FSH, & LH are secreted by adenohypophysis. | True - they all are. |
| T/F, All peptide synthesis requires gene activation & mRNA. | True - it does require gene activation |
| T/F, The thyroid is embedded in the parathyroid. | False - other way around. |
| Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the __ and the __. | steroids, amino acid based |
| Located in throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus | thyroid gland |
| Found close to the kidney | Adrenal gland |
| A mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine. | Pancreas |
| Paired glands suspended in the scrotum. | Testes |
| Ride "horseback" on the thyroid gland. | Parathyroid |
| Found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production. | Ovaries |
| Programming of T lymphocytes | Thymosin from the thymus gland |
| Regulate blood calcium levels | PTH (parathroid gland) & thyrocalcitonin/calcitonin (thyroid gland) |
| Basal metabolism hormone | T4/T3 (thyroid gland) |
| Released in response to stressors | Cortisone (adrenal cortex) & epinephrine (adrenal medulla) |
| Drive secondary sexual characteristics | Estrogens (ovaries) & testosterone (testes) |
| Regulate the function of another endocrine gland | ACTH, FSH, LH, & TSH - all produced by anterior pituitary |
| Mimics the sympathetic NS | Epinephrine (adrenal medulla) |
| Regulate blood glucose levels | Glucagon & Insulin (pancreas) |
| Directly responsible for the menstrual cycle | estrogens & progesterone (ovaries) |
| Regulate the ovarian cycle | FSH & LH (anterior pituitary) |
| Maintenance of salt and water balance in the ECF | ADH (hypothalamus) & aldosterone (adrenal cortex) |
| Directly involved in milk production and ejection | Oxytocin (hypothalamus) & prolactin (anterior pituitary) |
| Questionable function; may stimulate the melanocytes of skin | MSH (anterior pituitary) |
| ADH is stimulated by what factor? | The NS - ADH |
| Aldosterone is stimulated by what factor? | Humoral factors - aldosterone |
| Estrogens is stimulated by what factor? | another hormone - estrogens |
| Insulin is stimulated by what factor? | humoral factors - insulin |
| norephinephrine is stimulated by what factor? | The NS - NE |
| Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by what factor? | Humoral factors - Parathyroid hormone |
| T4/T3 is stimulated by what factor? | another hormone - T4/T3 |
| Testosterone is stimulated by what factor? | Another hormone - testosterone |
| TSH, FSH is stimulated by what factor? | Another hormone - TSH & FSH |
| Lack of this causes sexual immaturity. | Estrogen & testosterone |
| Lack of this causes tetany. | PTH - tetany |
| Lack of this causes excessive diuresis without high blood glucose levels | ADH - excessive diuresis |
| Lack of this causes polyurea, polyphagia, and polydipsia | Insulin - Diabetes Mellitus |
| Lack of this causes abnormally small stature, normal proportions. | Growth hormone (GH) |
| Lack of this causes miscarriage. | Progesterone - miscarriage |
| Lack of this causes lethargy, hair loss, low BMR, obesity | T4/T3 - lack of |
| Excessive amounts of growth hormone (GH) causes? | Lantern jaw and large hands & feet in adult. |
| Excessive amounts of T4/T3 causes? | Bulging eyes, nervousness, increased pulse rate |
| Excessive amounts of PTH causes? | Demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures. |
| Calcitonin is released by? | Parafollicular cells of the thyroid |
| T4/T3 are released by? | Follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid |
| Insulin is released by? | Beta cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) |
| Glucagon is released by? | Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) |
| TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH are released by? | Basophil cells of the anterior pituitary |
| Glucocorticoids are released by? | Zona fasciculata cells |
| Mineralocorticoids are released by? | Zone glomerulosa cells |
| PTH is released by? | Chief cells |
| GH & prolactin are released by? | Acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary. |
| A hormone that regulates gamete production. | FSH |
| Steroids or amino acid-based molecules released into the blood, which arouse tissues. | Hormones |
| Consists of two functional areas: the adenohypophysis & neurohypophysis | Pituitary Gland |
| Controlled by the sympathetic NS & release epinephrine and norepinephrine. | Adrenal medulla - chromaffin cells |
| Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. | ACTH - regulates cortex portion |
| A hormone produces in the adrenal cortex that enables the body to resist long term stress. | Glucocorticoid |
| Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of __. | Cortisol |
| Virtually all the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular __. | 2nd messengers |
| Oxytocin release is and example of __. | a positive feedback control mechanism |
| The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because? | It is nonly a hormone storage area that receives hormones fromt he hypothalamus for release. |
| Steroid hormones exert their action by? | Entering the nucleus of a cell an initiating or altering the expression of a gene. |
| The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by? | Bindig to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP. |
| Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to: | Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily in to target cells. |
| The marjor targets of growth hormone are? | Bones and skeletal muscles |
| Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | The heart |
| MIneralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucorticoid is to __. | cortisol |
| The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is? | aldosterone |
| Name 3 second messengers. | Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, & Inositol triphosphate |
| An amino acid derivative can be a __. | Hormone |
| T/F, the liver is affected by thyroid hormone. | True - the spleen, testes, and brain are not. |
| Thyroxine does not require __ to effect a response. | a second messenger |
| Catecholamines and/or peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of cells that comprise target organs & cause __. | Adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP from ATP |
| Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They do so by __. | Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, & amino acid levels & enhancing BP. |
| What ion is sometimes used as a 2nd messenger of amino acid-base hormones? | Calcium |
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Ladystorm