BIO202 - Midterm Review 1 - Q & A's from Online Lessons & L
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| T/F, The anterior pituitary secretes antidiuretic hormone. | False - does not secrete
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| The release of hormones from adenohypophysis is controlled by secretions of __. | hypothalamus
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| The __ gland declines in size & function with age. | thymus
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| The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the __. | thyroid
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| The __ gland may influence our day/night cycles & even regulate onset of sexual maturity. | pineal
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| T/F, Many hormones synthesized in gastrointestional tract are chemically identical to neurotranmitters. | True - they are similar
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| T/F, Peptide hormones enter target cells & elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects. | False - they do not
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| T/F, Direct gene activation involves a 2nd messenger system. | False - acts directly
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| T/F, The thyroid gland controls metabolic functions throughout life. | True - it does control metabolic function
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| T/F, ACTH, FSH, & LH are secreted by adenohypophysis. | True - they all are.
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| T/F, All peptide synthesis requires gene activation & mRNA. | True - it does require gene activation
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| T/F, The thyroid is embedded in the parathyroid. | False - other way around.
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| Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the __ and the __. | steroids, amino acid based
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| Located in throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus | thyroid gland
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| Found close to the kidney | Adrenal gland
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| A mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine. | Pancreas
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| Paired glands suspended in the scrotum. | Testes
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| Ride "horseback" on the thyroid gland. | Parathyroid
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| Found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production. | Ovaries
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| Programming of T lymphocytes | Thymosin from the thymus gland
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| Regulate blood calcium levels | PTH (parathroid gland) & thyrocalcitonin/calcitonin (thyroid gland)
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| Basal metabolism hormone | T4/T3 (thyroid gland)
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| Released in response to stressors | Cortisone (adrenal cortex) & epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
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| Drive secondary sexual characteristics | Estrogens (ovaries) & testosterone (testes)
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| Regulate the function of another endocrine gland | ACTH, FSH, LH, & TSH - all produced by anterior pituitary
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| Mimics the sympathetic NS | Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
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| Regulate blood glucose levels | Glucagon & Insulin (pancreas)
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| Directly responsible for the menstrual cycle | estrogens & progesterone (ovaries)
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| Regulate the ovarian cycle | FSH & LH (anterior pituitary)
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| Maintenance of salt and water balance in the ECF | ADH (hypothalamus) & aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
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| Directly involved in milk production and ejection | Oxytocin (hypothalamus) & prolactin (anterior pituitary)
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| Questionable function; may stimulate the melanocytes of skin | MSH (anterior pituitary)
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| ADH is stimulated by what factor? | The NS - ADH
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| Aldosterone is stimulated by what factor? | Humoral factors - aldosterone
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| Estrogens is stimulated by what factor? | another hormone - estrogens
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| Insulin is stimulated by what factor? | humoral factors - insulin
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| norephinephrine is stimulated by what factor? | The NS - NE
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| Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by what factor? | Humoral factors - Parathyroid hormone
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| T4/T3 is stimulated by what factor? | another hormone - T4/T3
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| Testosterone is stimulated by what factor? | Another hormone - testosterone
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| TSH, FSH is stimulated by what factor? | Another hormone - TSH & FSH
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| Lack of this causes sexual immaturity. | Estrogen & testosterone
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| Lack of this causes tetany. | PTH - tetany
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| Lack of this causes excessive diuresis without high blood glucose levels | ADH - excessive diuresis
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| Lack of this causes polyurea, polyphagia, and polydipsia | Insulin - Diabetes Mellitus
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| Lack of this causes abnormally small stature, normal proportions. | Growth hormone (GH)
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| Lack of this causes miscarriage. | Progesterone - miscarriage
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| Lack of this causes lethargy, hair loss, low BMR, obesity | T4/T3 - lack of
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| Excessive amounts of growth hormone (GH) causes? | Lantern jaw and large hands & feet in adult.
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| Excessive amounts of T4/T3 causes? | Bulging eyes, nervousness, increased pulse rate
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| Excessive amounts of PTH causes? | Demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures.
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| Calcitonin is released by? | Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
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| T4/T3 are released by? | Follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid
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| Insulin is released by? | Beta cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
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| Glucagon is released by? | Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
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| TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH are released by? | Basophil cells of the anterior pituitary
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| Glucocorticoids are released by? | Zona fasciculata cells
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| Mineralocorticoids are released by? | Zone glomerulosa cells
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| PTH is released by? | Chief cells
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| GH & prolactin are released by? | Acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary.
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| A hormone that regulates gamete production. | FSH
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| Steroids or amino acid-based molecules released into the blood, which arouse tissues. | Hormones
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| Consists of two functional areas: the adenohypophysis & neurohypophysis | Pituitary Gland
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| Controlled by the sympathetic NS & release epinephrine and norepinephrine. | Adrenal medulla - chromaffin cells
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| Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. | ACTH - regulates cortex portion
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| A hormone produces in the adrenal cortex that enables the body to resist long term stress. | Glucocorticoid
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| Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of __. | Cortisol
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| Virtually all the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular __. | 2nd messengers
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| Oxytocin release is and example of __. | a positive feedback control mechanism
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| The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because? | It is nonly a hormone storage area that receives hormones fromt he hypothalamus for release.
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| Steroid hormones exert their action by? | Entering the nucleus of a cell an initiating or altering the expression of a gene.
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| The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by? | Bindig to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP.
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| Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to: | Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily in to target cells.
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| The marjor targets of growth hormone are? | Bones and skeletal muscles
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| Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | The heart
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| MIneralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucorticoid is to __. | cortisol
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| The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is? | aldosterone
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| Name 3 second messengers. | Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, & Inositol triphosphate
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| An amino acid derivative can be a __. | Hormone
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| T/F, the liver is affected by thyroid hormone. | True - the spleen, testes, and brain are not.
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| Thyroxine does not require __ to effect a response. | a second messenger
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| Catecholamines and/or peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of cells that comprise target organs & cause __. | Adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP from ATP
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| Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They do so by __. | Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, & amino acid levels & enhancing BP.
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| What ion is sometimes used as a 2nd messenger of amino acid-base hormones? | Calcium
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