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CWI PSYC 101 Chap 11
Psychology in Everday Life by David G Myers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | personality |
| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware | unconscious |
| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, not matter how trivial or embarrassing | free association |
| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions | psychoanalysis |
| a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification | id |
| the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain | ego |
| the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) | superego |
| the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones | psychosexual stages |
| according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father | Oedipus [Ed-uh-puss] complex |
| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos | identification |
| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved | fixation |
| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality | defense mechanisms |
| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness | repression |
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to an earlier stage of development | regression |
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites, Thus, we may express feelings that are the opposite of our anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings | reaction formation |
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which we disguise our own threatening impulses by attributing them to others | projection |
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, but more threatening, unconscious reasons for our actions | rationalization |
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet | displacement |
| a Freud-influenced perspective that sees behavior, thinking, and emotions as reflecting unconscious motives | psychodynamic theory |
| a personality test, such as the Rorschach test, that provides an unclear image designed to trigger projection of the test-taker's unconscious thought or feelings | projective test |
| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots | Rorschach inkblot test |
| Maslow's pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active | hierarchy of needs |
| according to Maslow, the psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential | self-actualization |
| according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self | self-transcendence |
| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person | unconditional positive regard |
| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" | self-concept |
| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-reports on a personality test | trait |
| a cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together | factor |
| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context | social-cognitive perspective |
| the interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment | reciprocal determinism |
| your image and understanding of who you are; in modern psychology, the idea that this is the center of personality, organizing your thoughts, feelings, and actions | self |
| overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) | spotlight effect |
| your feelings of high or low self-worth | self-esteem |
| our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably | self-serving bias |
| giving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership | individualism |
| giving priority to goals of our group (often our extended family or work group) and defining our identity accordingly | collectivism |
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