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c10-14 terms pt 2
pht 101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| beta blocker | a Class II antiarrhythmic drug that competitively blocks response to beta stimulation, which results in decreases in heart rate, myocardial contractility, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand; used to treat arrhythmias, MIs, and angina |
| blood pressure (BP) | the product of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) |
| bowel evacuant | an agent that stimulates bowel content removal by increasing osmolarity of bowel fluids |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| calcium channel blocker | a Class IV antiarrhythmic drug that prevents the movement of calcium ions through slow channels; used for most supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and in angina |
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | diuretics that act in the proximal tubule to increase urine volume and change the pH to alkaline |
| circadian rhythm | regular recurrence in cycles of twenty-four hours |
| climacteric | the syndrome of endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes occurring at the end of the reproductive period in females |
| clotting cascade | a series of events that initiate blood clotting, or coagulation |
| contractility | the cardiac muscle's capacity for becoming shorter in response to a stimulus; along with preload and afterload, determines cardiac output |
| Crohn's disease | an inflammatory bowel disease affecting the entire GI tract from mouth to anus |
| Cushing's disease | a disease caused by overproduction of steroids or by excessive administration of corticosteroids over an extended period |
| cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) | an enzyme that is present in most body tissues and produces protective prostaglandins to regulate physiological processes such as GI mucosal integrity |
| cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) | an enzyme that is present in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients and is associated with the pain and inflammation of arthritis |
| diastolic blood pressure | the blood pressure measurement that measures the pressure during the dilation of the heart |
| disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) | agents that can potentially modify the progression of rheumatoid arthritis |
| diuretic | a substance that rids the body of excess fluid and electrolytes by increasing the urine output |
| diverticular disease | an outpocketing from the colon wall that becomes inflamed |
| duodenal ulcer | a peptic lesion situated in the duodenum |
| dyspareunia | painful intercourse |
| estrogens | hormones that stimulate the growth of reproductive tissue in females |
| fiber | the undigested residue of fruits, vegetables, and other foods of plant origin that remains after digestion by the human GI enzymes; characterized by fermentability and may be either water soluble or insoluble |
| fibrinolytics | a class of agents that dissolve clots |
| filtration | the removal of substances from the blood as part of the formation of urine by the renal tubules |
| gastric ulcer | a local excavation in the gastric mucosa |
| gastritis | irritation and superficial erosion of the stomach lining |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | a GI disease characterized by radiating burning or pain in the chest and an acid taste, caused by backflow of acidic stomach contents across an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter; also referred to as heartburn |
| gestational diabetes | diabetes that occurs during pregnancy when insufficient insulin is produced |
| glucocorticoid | corticosteroid involved in metabolism and immune system regulation |
| gluconeogenesis | the process of forming new glucose, in which protein and fatty acids are converted into immediate energy sources |
| gouty arthritis | a disease resulting from the improper excretion of uric acid; also called gout |
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) | a bacterium that contributes to the development of many gastric ulcers |
| hematocrit | the proportion of red blood cells to the total volume of blood |
| hemorrhoids | engorgements of the vascular cushions situated within the sphincter muscles; result from pressure exerted on anal veins while straining to pass a stool |
| high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) | lipoproteins containing 5% triglyceride, 25% cholesterol, and 50% protein; "good cholesterol" |
| hirsutism | abnormal hairiness, especially in women |
| histamine2 (H2) receptor antagonists | agents that block acid and pepsin secretion in response to histamine, gastrin, foods, distention, caffeine, or cholinergic stimulation; used to treat GERD and H. pylori |
| hypercholesterolemia | excessive cholesterol in the blood |
| hyperlipidemia | elevation of the levels of one or more of the lipoproteins in the blood |
| hypertension | elevated blood pressure, where systolic blood pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is greater than 90 mm Hg |
| hypoglycemia | blood glucose less than 70 mg/dL |
| hypogonadism | a deficiency of hormone production and secretion |
| hypothyroidism | a deficiency of thyroid activity that results in a decreased metabolic rate, tiredness, and lethargy in adults and causes cretinism in children |
| impotence | failure of the male to initiate or to maintain an erection until ejaculation |
| International Normalized Ratio (INR) | a method of standardizing the prothrombin time (PT) by comparing it to a standard index |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | a functional disorder in which the lower GI tract does not have appropriate tone or spasticity to regulate bowel activity |
| lipoproteins | spherical particles containing a core of triglycerides and cholesterol, in varying proportions, surrounded by a surface coat of phospholipids so that they can remain in solution |
| loop diuretics | diuretics that inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle, thereby causing increased urinary output |
| low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) | lipoproteins containing 6% triglycerides and 65% cholesterol; "bad cholesterol" |
| malabsorption syndrome | impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients |
| mineralocorticoid | corticosteroid involved in electrolyte and water balance |
| nephrons | glomerulotubular units that are the working units of the kidney |
| nonnarcotic analgesics | drugs used for pain, inflammation, and fever that are not controlled substances |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drugs that are not scheduled; used to treat arthritis and for other indications such as pain and inflammation |
| oral contraceptives (OCs) | hormonal compounds taken orally to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy |
| osmotic diuretic | a diuretic that increases the osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting tubular reabsorption of water and electrolytes and increasing urinary output |
| osmotic laxatives | stool softeners that draw water into the colon and thereby stimulate evacuation |
| osteoarthritis | a degenerative joint disease resulting in loss of cartilage, elasticity, and thickness |
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | a test that measures the function of the intrinsic and common pathways; affected by heparin |
| peptic ulcer | an ulcer formed at any part of the GI tract exposed to acid and the enzyme pepsin |
| potassium-sparing diuretics | diuretics that result in an exchange of the sodium excreted in urine for the potassium returned to the blood |
| preload | the mechanical state of the heart at the end of diastole; along with afterload and contractility, determines cardiac output |
| progestins | pure, synthetic hormones that emulate the effects of progesterone, which prepares the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum` |
| prothrombin time (PT) | a test that assesses the function of the extrinsic pathways of the coagulation system; affected by warfarin |
| pulmonary embolism (PE) | sudden blocking of the pulmonary artery by a blood clot |
| reabsorption | the process by which substances are pulled back into the blood after waste products have been removed during the formation of urine |
| reflux | backflow; specifically in GERD, the backflow of acidic stomach contents across an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter |
| reticulocytes | immature red blood cells |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own connective tissue; characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane of the joints |
| salicylates | a class of nonnarcotic analgesics that have both pain-relieving and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties |
| saline laxatives | laxatives that attract water into the hollow portion of the colon, or lumina, and increase intraluminal pressure |
| secondary diabetes | diabetes caused by drugs |
| secretion | the release of cell products, including hydrogen and potassium ions and acids and bases, during urine formation |
| somatic nervous system | the part of the efferent system of the PNS that regulates the skeletal muscles |
| stable angina | a type of angina characterized by effort-induced chest pain from physical activity or emotional stress; usually predictable and reproducible |
| stress ulcer | a peptic ulcer, usually gastric, that occurs in a clinical setting; caused by a breakdown of natural mucosal resistance |
| surfactants | stool softeners that have a detergent activity that facilitates admixture of fat and water to make the stool soft and mushy |
| systolic blood pressure | a blood pressure measurement that measures the pressure during contraction of the heart |
| testosterone | a hormone that is responsible for sperm production, sexual potency, and the maintenance of muscle mass and strength, among other functions |
| thiazide diuretics | diuretics that promote sodium and water excretion in the urine, lower the sodium level in vessel walls, and reduce vasoconstriction |
| thrombi | stationary blood clots |
| thyroid gland | a gland that produces hormones that stimulate various body tissues to increase their activity level |
| tophi | deposits of sodium urate around a joint |
| type I diabetes | insulin-dependent diabetes, in which the pancreas has no ability to produce insulin |
| type II diabetes | a type of diabetes characterized by insulin insufficiency or by the resistance of the target tissues to the insulin produced |
| ulcerative colitis | irritation and inflammation of the large bowel, causing it to look scraped; characterized by bloody mucus leading to watery diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and pus |
| unstable angina | a type of angina characterized by chest pain that occurs with increasing frequency, diminishes the patient's ability to work, and has a decreasing response to treatment; may signal an oncoming MI |
| uremia | the clinical syndrome resulting from renal dysfunction in which excessive products of protein metabolism are retained in the blood |
| variant angina | a type of angina characterized by chest pain due to coronary artery spasm; usually not stress induced |
| vasomotor | affecting blood vessels |
| very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) | lipoproteins containing 60% triglycerides and 12% cholesterol |
| virilization | the development of male characteristics |
| visceral pain | sharp, stabbing pain from the organs |
| action potential- | the electrical signal that contracts muscles |
Created by:
cindya
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