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Psychology- chapter8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Algorithms | Procedures, such as mathematical formulas, that automatically generate correct solutions to problems |
| Aphasia | The partial or total loss of ability to understand speech or to produce it |
| Availability Heuristic | A rule of thumb used to make likelihood judgments based on how easily examples of that category of events come to mind or are “available” in memory |
| Belief Bias | The tenancy to abandon logical rules and to form a conclusion based on one's existing beliefs |
| Bilingualism | The use of two languages in daily life |
| Bottom-Up Processing | Perceptual processes that begin with the analysis of individual elements of the stimulus and work up to the brain's integration of them into a unified perception |
| Concept | A mental category containing similar objects, people, and events |
| Confirmation Bias | The tendency to seek and favor information that reinforces our beliefs rather than to be open to disconfirming information |
| Creativity | The ability to produce something that is both new and valuable |
| Deductive Reasoning | Reasoning from a general principle to a specific case |
| Deep Structure | A linguistic term that refers to the underlying meaning of a spoken or written sentence; the meanings that make up deep structure are stored as concepts and rules in long-term memory |
| Discourse | The combining of sentences into larger language units, such as paragraphs, articles, novels, and so on |
| Displacement | The capacity of language to represent objects and conditions that are not physically present |
| Divergent Thinking | A creative form of thinking that involves generating novel ideas that diverge from the normal ways of thinking about something |
| Functional Fixedness | A phenomenon often found in problem-solving tasks in which the customary use of an object interferes with its use in a novel situation |
| Generativity | The principle that, in any given language, symbols can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have novel meaning |
| Grammar | In any given language, the set of rules that dictates how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication |
| Heuristics | A method of problem solving characterized by quick and easy search procedures similar to rules of thumb |
| Imaginal thought | A form of thinking that uses images that can be from any sense modality |
| Incubation | A phenomenon in which the solution to a problem suddenly appears in consciousness after a problem solver has stopped thinking about it for a while |
| Inductive Reasoning | Reasoning that proceeds from a set of specific facts to a general conclusion or principle |
| Language | A system of symbols and rules for combining them that can produce an infinite number of possible messages and meanings |
| Language Acquisition Device | In Chomsky's Theory, an innate, biologically based mechanism that facilitates the learning of language |
| Language Acquisition Support System | The social learning opportunities involved in learning a language |
| Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | The idea, suggested by Whorf, that people's language determines the ways in which they perceive and think about their world |
| Means-ends Analysis | A heuristic problem solving device in which people first define a subgoal that they hope to achieve, compare that subgoal with their present state of knowledge, and, if there is a discrepancy between them, try to find the means to reduce the difference |
| Mental Image | A representation of a stimulus that originates in your brain, rather than from external sensory input |
| Mental Representations | Cognitive representations of the world, including images, ideas, concepts, and principles, that are the foundations of thinking and problem solving |
| Mental Set | The tendency to stick to problem solving strategies or solutions that have worked in the past |
| Metacognition | Your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities |
| Morpheme | The smallest unit of meaning in a given language |
| Motoric Thought | Mental representations of motor movements, such as throwing an object |
| Overconfidence | The pervasive tendency to overestimate one's degree of knowledge and predictive ability |
| Phoneme | The smallest unit of sound in a language |
| Pragmatics | A knowledge of the practical aspects of using language, such as how our choice of words depends on the social context |
| Problem-Solving Schemas | Step-by-step scripts for selecting information and solving specialized classes of problems |
| Proposition | A statement that expresses an idea |
| Propositional Thought | A thought that expresses an idea in linguistic form, as when we seem to hear or say a sentence in our mind |
| Prototype | The most typical and familiar member of a class that defines a concept |
| Psycholinguistics | The scientific field that studies psychological aspects of language |
| Representativeness Heuristic | A rule of thumb in estimating the probability that an object or event belongs to a certain category based on the extent to which it represents a prototype of that category |
| Schema | A mental framework |
| Script | A specialized schema that represents a sequence of events that unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order |
| Semantics | The linguistic rules for connecting symbols in language to what they represent |
| Speech Segmentation | The task of perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends |
| Subgoal Analysis | A problem solving heuristic in which people attack a large problem by formulating sub goals, or intermediate steps toward a solution |
| Surface Structure | A linguistic term for the words and organization of a spoken or written sentence |
| Syntax | The rules for the combination of symbols within a given language |
| Top-Down Processing | Perceptual processing in which existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, or expectations are applied in order to make sense of incoming stimulation |
| Wisdom | A system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life |
Created by:
Akile6
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