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Fallacies Part I
English 125 - fallacies for first test
| Answer | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abusive | opponent is compared to something which will elicit an unfavorable response toward him from the audience; opponent not insulted directly, an analogy is used |
| Accent | meaning of the statement can change based on the stress put on words; can change the meaning intended or imply something different |
| Accident | the freak features of a case are enough to reject a general rule; the random exceptions to the general rule; the “what if” case; to avoid accident fallacies, avoid universals |
| Affirming the Consequent | seeing an event and assuming there was only one cause for it; many causes can lead to one result; horse before the cart; many ways to kill a cat |
| Amphiboly | when the statement can be taken in more than one way based on ambiguous phrasing; double meanings |
| Analogical Fallacy | two things that are similar in one respect must be similar in another; draws a comparison on the basis of what is known and assumes the unknown parts must be similar |
| Antiquitam, argumentum ad | supposing that something is good or right simply because it is old; to equate older with better |
| Apriorism | to start out with a principle first and use it to accept or reject facts; manipulating the data to support you no matter what it is |
| Baculum, argumentum ad | when reason fails, use force; unpleasant consequences are promised for failing to comply with the speaker’s wishes |
| Bifurcation | presentation of only two options when there are other alternatives; “black/white” or “either/or” fallacy |
| Blinding with Science | specializes in the use of technical jargon to convince audience that what they’re hearing is supported by objective experimental data; using big words |
| Bogus Dilemma | falsely presenting a dilemma where none is present; presenting false choices in dealing with the dilemma or false consequences of the choices made |
| Circulus in Probando | using as evidence a fact which is authenticated by the very conclusion it supports; fails to relate the unknown and unaccepted to the known or the accepted |
| Complex Question (plurium interrogationum | combining many questions into one and in a way that a yes or no answer is required, yet impossible; contain a concealed question that is assumed to be answered affirmatively |
| Composition | what is true for an individual of a class is true for the entire class as a unit; a failure to recognize that the group is a distinct entity |
| Concealed Quantification | ambiguity of expression permits a misunderstanding of the quantity of which is spoken; leaving out “all” but implying it |
| Conclusion which Denies Premises | begins by saying certain things must be true and ends by flatly contradicting them; identified by inconsistency |
| Contradictory Premises | the premises are such that one has to be true and the other false; permits the logic to be valid; can prove the moon is made of green cheese |
| Crumenam, argumentum ad | money is a measure of rightness; those with more money are more correct |
| Cum hoc ergo propter hoc | not a coincidence; assumes events that occur together are connected in some way |
| Damning the Alternatives | showing that one option is better by saying the other is bad; argue for one option by denigrating the other |
| Definitional Retreat | changing the meaning of words in order to deal with an objection against the original wording |
| Denying the Antecedent | does not admit the possibility that different events can have the same outcomes; assigns one cause to an event where there could be many |
| Dicto Simpliciter | sweeping generalization; applying a general rule to an individual case whose special features might exempt it |
| Division | attributing qualities to individuals of the group that are only true for the group as a whole; sliding adjectives over from the group onto the individuals |
| Emotional Appeals | allowing emotions to decide logic; having pity for a criminal and allowing it to sway your decision of whether or not he committed the crime |
| Equivocation | using words ambiguously; when words are used with more than one meaning; transferring what we know about one topic to another with the same name but different meaning |
| Every Schoolboy Knows | saying that every schoolboy knows the truth of the speaker’s statement resulting in people accepting it so that they don’t seem dumber than a child |
| Exception that Proves the Rule | dismissing a valid objection to the argument by saying it proves the legitimacy of the argument |
| Exclusive Premises | two negative premises are used to incorrectly deduce a conclusion; if a person is excluded from a group and that group is excluded from another, the person will be excluded from the second group |
| Existential Fallacy | we draw a conclusion which implies existence from premises which do not imply that |
| Ex-post-facto Statistics | applying probability laws to past events |
| Extensional Pruning | using words in their commonly accepted meanings but then backtrack when challenged about their literal meanings |
| False Conversion | exchanging the subject and predicate and is invalid; all squares are rectangles, all rectangles are squares |
| False Precision | exact numbers are used for inexact notions |
| Gambler’s Fallacy | the belief that the next event will somehow be dependent on the previous when they are not connected |
| Genetic Fallacy | not liking an argument based on where it comes from; argument sent to hell because of its source; damning the origin |
| Half-concealed Qualification | words express a limited claim, but the construction and claim gloss over the limitations |
Created by:
fritzsm
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