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Pharm. Ch. 2 Vocab
Pharmacology - Chapter 2 Vocabulary
| Glossary | Definition |
|---|---|
| Additive Effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (compare with synergistic effects). |
| Adverse drug event (ADE) | Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication. |
| Adverse drug reaction (ADR) | Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to OD). |
| Adverse effects | Any undesirable bodily effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs. These effects may include side effects, which are relatively minor adverse affects that are expected to occur in a % of the population receiving a given drug. |
| Agonist | A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptors. |
| Allergic reaction | An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication (a type of ADE). |
| Antagonist | A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body. Also called "inhibitors". |
| Antagonistic effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another. |
| Bioavailability | A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%). |
| Biotransformation | One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Occurs mainly in the liver and produce a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as "metabolism". |
| Chemical name | The name that describes the chemical position and molecular structure of a drug. |
| Contraindication | Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable. |
| Cytochrome P-450 | General name for a large class of enzymes (found especially in the liver) that play a significant role in drug metabolism. |
| Dissolution | The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract, become soluble, and are absorbed into the circulation. |
| Drug | Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism. |
| Drug actions | The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action. |
| Drug effects | The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. Can be therapeutic or toxic and constitute how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug.The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects. |
| Drug-induced teratogenesis | The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs. |
| Drug interaction | Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs. |
| Duration of action | The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response. |
| Enzymes | Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism. |
| First-pass effect | The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream. |
| Generic name | The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark. |
| Half-life | In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body (also called elimination half-life). |
| Idiosyncratic reaction | An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient. |
| Incompatibility | The quality of two parenteral drugs or solutions that leads to a reaction resulting in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs when the two substances are mixed. |
| Medication error (ME) | Any preventable ADE involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm. |
| Medication use process | The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects. |
| Metabolite | A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug. Active have pharmacologic activity of their own.Inactive lack pharmacoloactivity and are rug waste products awaiting excretion. |
| Onset of action | The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing. |
| Parent drug | The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. Not pharmacologically active=prodrug.Prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolite. |
| Peak effect | The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body. |
| Peak level | The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. |
| Pharmaceutics | The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design (e.g., tablets, capsules, injections, patches, etc.). |
| Pharmacodynamics | The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors. |
| Pharmacogenetics | The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes (also called pharmacogenomics. |
| Pharmacognosy | The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant & animal sources.Formerly called materia medica (medicinal materials);is concerned with the botanical/zoologic origin,biochemical composition,& therapeutic effects of natural drugs,their derivatives. |
| Pharmacokinetics | The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. |
| Pharmacology | Broadest term for the study or science of drugs. |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs. |
| Prodrug | An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical chemical reactions once it is inside the body. Often a prodrug is more readily absorbable than is its active metabolite, hence the need for its development. |
| Receptor | A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (e.g., drug molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug effects) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction. |
| Steady state | The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose. |
| Substrate | A substance (e.g., drug or natural biochemical in the body) on which an enzyme acts. |
| Synergistic effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (compare with additive effects). |
| Therapeutic drug monitoring | The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient's drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the joint goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity. |
| Therapeutic effect | The desired or intended effect of a particular medication. |
| Therapeutic index | The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug. If the index is low, the difference between the therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations is small, and use of the drug is more hazardous. |
| Toxic | The quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life). |
| Toxicity | The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities. |
| Toxicology | The study of poisons. It deals with the effects of drugs and other chemicals in living systems, their detection, and treatments to counteract their poisonous effects. |
| Trade name | The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer ("proprietary name"). Presence of a trade name indicates that the drug is registered and that its production is restricted to the owner of the patent for that drug until patent expires. |
| Trough level | The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. |
Created by:
Kathi
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