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RADT 335 - Unit 3
Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agency that makes recommendations to each nation regarding dose limits and protection standards | ICRP |
| The U.S. agency that issues reports of dose limits that should be followed in the US | NCRP |
| agency that looks at epidemiologic data and makes assessments for radiation induced cancer and genetic effects | UNSCEAR |
| federal agency that enforces the possession, use and production of atomic energy; DOES NOT INSPECT IMAGING FACILITIES | NRC |
| a state that has set up a contract with the NRC for the state to oversee licensing and regulating of radioisotopes | agreement state |
| agency that oversees radiation in the environment | EPA |
| agency that conducts on site inspections of x-ray equipment, installations and maintenance | FDA |
| agency concered with the employees' "Right to Know" and training for employees on occupational exposure to radiation | OSHA |
| person that develops the radiation safety program, provides guidance for the radiation safety program, and facilitates ongoing operation of the radiation safety program | RSO |
| person who would acquire funding for radiation safety program and oversees P & P development (does not necessarily write the P&P) for the radiation safety program | radiology administrator |
| person who counsels individuals when individual reach ALARA level I or II | RSO |
| person who maintains the dosimeter records for all occupationally exposed individuals at a facility | RSO |
| ALARA may also be known as | OPTIMIZATION |
| radiation exposure received by members of the general population who are not employed as radiation workers | nonoccupational exposure |
| legislation that required the establishment of minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs for persons administering radiation procedures | Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 |
| legislation that updates previous bill where it will now be mandatory to abide by the minimal educational standards and states not following could be denied Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement | CARE bill |
| Care bill stands for | Consistency, Accuracy, Responsibility, and Excellence in Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy |
| erythema, blood changes, epilation, ARS | early effects of radiation |
| early effects are also classified as | nonstochastic (deterministic) |
| cataract formation, fibrosis, organ atrophy, reduced fertility, sterility | late effects |
| carcinogenesis, cataractogenesis, genetic effects | late effects |
| late effects such as cancer and genetic effects may also be classified as | stochastic (probablistic) |
| true/false: annual occupational effective dose limit includes background radiation & personal imaging procedure doses | false |
| type of dose that takes into account the tissue weighting factor and radiation weighting factor | effective dose |
| annual dose limit for whole body for occupational exposure | 5 rem (50 mSv) |
| cumulative dose limit for whole body for occupational exposure | 1 rem x age (10 mSv) |
| dose limit for lens of the eye | 15 rem (150 mSv) |
| dose limit for localized skin, hands, or feet | 50 rem (500 mSv) |
| dose limit for public for frequent exposure | 0.1 rem (1 mSv) |
| dose limit for public for infrequent exposure | 0.5 rem (5 mSv) |
| dose limit for students under the age of 18 | 0.1 rem (1 mSv) |
| monthly dose limit for pregnant radiation worker | 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) |
| entire gestation dose limit for pregnant radiation worker | 0.5 rem (5 mSv) |
| to convert rem to Sv | divide rem by 100 |
| to convert rem to mSv | multiply rem by 10 (or figure it out from decimal placement of rem to Sv conversion) |
| to convert Sv to rem | multiply Sv by 100 |
| to convert mSv to rem | divide mSv by 10 |
| theory that suggests a potential benefit from moderate radiation exposure | radiation hormesis |
| Who needs a dosimeter? | anyone who might receive 10% or more of the annual occupational EfD in any month |
| where do you wear a single dosimeter (according to text) | outside apron at collar level |
| four types of personnel dosimeters | film badge; osl; TLD; pocket ionization chamber |
| what is an extremity dosimeter for? | measuring the EqD to the hands of wearer |
| components of a film badge | aluminum and copper filter, durable plastic cover, light tight envelope containing film |
| advantages of film badge | permanent record, can reread exposure if necessary, economical, mechanical integrity |
| disadvantages of film badge | sensitive to heat/humidity; has to be shipped out for readings; most sensitive to 50 keV |
| most common type of dosimeter | OSL |
| what is "stimulated" in an OSL | aluminum oxide detector |
| how is OSL read? | detector exposued to laser light-sensing material (Aluminum Oxide) begins to emit light in direct proportion to energy received - light intensity is detected and translated to exposure readout |
| advantages of OSL | sensitive to 1 mrem; covers radiation energies from 5 keV-40MeV; can measure up to 1000 mrem |
| disadvantages | has to be shipped out for readings |
| types of filters in the OSL | aluminum, tin, and copper and possibly unfiltered area for dynamic/static exposure determination |
| pocket ionization chamber components | ionization chamber; quartz fiber, positive & negative electrodes |
| what does a pocket ionization chamber resemble? | fountain pen |
| advantages of pocket ionization chamber | provides immediate exposure readout for workers in high radiation areas |
| disadvantages of pocket ionization chamber | expensive; if not read each day can give false reading due to electrical charge escaping over time; can discharge electrical charge if dropped; no permanent record |
| chemical compoun used in the TLD | lithium fluoride |
| how is a TLD read? | heating of lithium fluoride crystals; crystals give off light in direct proportion to radiation exposure; light is detected and translated to exposure readout |
| advantages of TLD | senitvie to doses as low as 5 mR; not affected by normal humidity, pressure or temp; reusable |
| disadvantages of TLD | reading of TLD erases stored info so TLD can only be read once; TLD analyzer must be calibrated |
| letter M on a dosimeter report would indicate what? | reading below minimum detectable level |
| if you change jobs, what document is important to take with you to the new job? | summary of occupational exposure report or some type of radiation exposure history |
| what radiation dteaction survey instrument has an audio amplifier and speaker that alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation | Geiger-Muller detector |
| which radiation survey instrument has a check source of a weak long-lived radioisotope to help keep the instrument calibrated? | Geiger-Muller detector |
| disadvantage of the Geiger-Muller detector? | different energies may cause instrument to respond differently; can saturate or jam when placed in a high radiation area giving a false reading |
| what radiation survey instrument can discriminate between alpha and beta particles? | proportional counter |
| what radiation survey instrument is used as a rate meter and cumulative exposure instrument | cutiepie |
| advantages of the cutiepie? | can measure intensities between 1mR/hour to several thousand; can totla exposures; can be used to monitor scatter radiation rates as well as radioisotope rates |
| disadvantages of cutiepie? | large size; must be adequately warmed up; can be used to detect exposures in diagnostic testing due to short exposure times |
| what device would a medical physicist use to perform an annual checkoff of a diagnostic x-ray machine? | ionization chamber and electometer |
| what type of tests would a ionization chamber and electometer be used for? | mR/mAs(output); reproducibility, linearity, beam quality (half-value layer), and entrance exposure rates |
| name ways to decrease voluntary motion | effective communication, immobilization, short exposure time |
| Shielding should be a secondary protection method with ______ being first and foremost | collimation |
| name types of gonad shiedling | flat contact shields, shadow shields, shaped contact shields |
| By placing a patient in a PA vs AP position for a scoliosis series, the radiographer will reduce the dose to the patient's breast tissue by as much as ____% | 95 |
| describe appropriate technique selection for radiation protection | high kV, high mA, low time (lower mAs) |
| How accurate should the collimated light field be? | within 2% of the SID |
| How do you check for accurate collimation field size? | 8 or 9 penny test |
| What is the minimum distance between the collimator and the patient's skin? | 15 cm |
| Why do we use filtration? | decrease patient dose |
| Why do we use a compensating filter? | improve image quality (some dose reduction occurs also) |
| In a tube that operates above 70 kV, what is the filtration requirement? | 2.5 mm Al |
| filtration that is part of the construction of the tube such as the glass envelope, insulating oil, and collimation aperatures is known as what type of filtration? | inherent |
| the thickness of an absorber necessary to reduce the intensity of the xray beam to 1/2 of the initial value | HVL |
| what happens to patient dose when grids are utilized? | increases |
| what is the function of a grid? | improve image quality by removing scatter photons from the image |
| what are some benefits of a repeat analysis program within an imaging facility? | creates heightened awareness and thus a desire to produce optimal images & identifies educational needs for improving image quality |
| what is the significance in radiation protection of a repeated image? | doubles the patient dose |
| pre op chest x-rays & pre-employment lumbar spine screenings are examples of what? | unnecessary exams |
| what are benefits to going digital? | takes human error out of the processing equation; images can be manipulated decreasing needs for repeat |
| minimum SSD for stationary fluoro? | 15 inches |
| minimum SSD for mobile fluoro? | 12 inches |
| exposure rate limit for image intensified fluoroscopy? | 10R/min |
| As FPS increases in fluoro, what happens to patient dose? | increases |
| pulsed fluroscopy ______ patient dose | decreases |
| magnification in fluoroscopy _____ patient dose | increases |
| minimum SSD for mobile radiography? | 12 inches |
| most common method to express patient's exposure | entrance skin exposure (ESE) |
| performing x-rays on women of childbearing age only during the first 10 days following the onset of menses is known as what? | 10 day rule |
| if you have to perform an exam on a pregnant patient, what methods will provide the best radiation protection? | best technique for the given body part, collimation, shielding |
| what methods should be utilized when performing exams on children? | short exposure time, limit views if allowed, communication, collimate, shield |
| what benefits do technologist certification provide to patients regrading radiation protection? | protects patients from overexposure due to education of the technologist |
| mobile radiography, mobile fluoroscopy, and stationary fluoroscopy ______ radiographer dose | increase |
| examples of secondary radiation | scatter, leakage |
| Backup timers for AEC should be set: | as close to the expected exposure time as possible |
| The GSD for U.S. population | 0.2 mSv (20 mrem) |
| true/false: if radiographers must restrain a patient for a procedure, they should never stand in the primary beam | true |
| rotating personnel through various working environments (ER, fluoro, surgery, portables, etc.) uses what cardinal principle as the basis for protection | time |
| what must be posted in or on the door of a radiographic exam room? | caution sign |
| determination of shielding or barrier thicknesses is made by | medical physicist |
| factors that are considered when determining barrier thicknesses | distance, occupancy, workload, use |
| area where personnel are not issued dosimeters or general public may occupay where doses should not exceed more than 2 mrem weekly or 100 mrem annually | uncontrolled |
| area where persons trained in radiation safety occupy, wear dosimeters and where doses should not exceed more than 5000 mrem annually | controlled |
| defines how much the radiation machine is working or the time that the machine is actually delivering radiation; measured in mA minutes per week | workload |
| defines amount of "on" time for the beam when directed at a specific barrier | use factor |
| where should the x-ray tube be at in mobile fluoroscopy for greatest radiation protection | on bottom of c-arm under patient |
| lead apron requirement when operating a c-arm | 0.5 mm Pb/eq |
| minimum shielding requirement for the bucky slot cover | 0.25 mm Pb/eq |
| minimum lead shield requirement for protective curtain on stationary fluoro | 0.25 mm Pb/eq |
| which angle from the primary beam should you attempt to attain after attempting distance and shielding from an x-ray source | 90 degrees |
| how far should the cord on a mobile unit allow the operator to stand away from the x-ray source | 6 feet |
| true/false: as a pregnant radiographer, you should be removed from any rotations that are considered "high" dose areas | false |
| maternity aprons have a minimum shielding requirement of | 0.5 mm Pb/eq |
| tube housing does what for protection? | protects patient and radiographer from off focus radiation (some leakage radiation still goes through) |
| sheilding requirement for thyroid shields | 0.5 mm Pb/eq |
| shielding requirement for protective eyewear | 0.35 mm Pb/eq |
| shielding requirement for protective gloves | 0.25 mm Pb/eq |
| minimum shielding requirement for personnel lead aprons for general purpose radiography at 100 kV? | 0.25 mm Pb/eq |
| type of barrier that lies parallel to beam path | secondary |
| type of barrier that lies perpendicular to beam path | primary |
| thickness of a secondary barrier | 1/32 inches |
| thickness of a primary barrier | 1/16 inches |
| primary barrier must overlap secondary barrier by ____ inche(s) | 1/2 |
| window of a control booth should be made of _____ mm Pb/eq | 1.5 |
| radiographers exposure rate in the control booth should not exceed _____ per week | 1 mSv (100 mrem) |
| how many times should radiation scatter before reaching area behind a secondary barrier | 2 |
| the control booth is considered to be a ______ barrier | secondary |
| lead aprons are considered to be a ______ barrier | secondary |
| how tall must a primary barrier be? | 7 feet |
| if distance is decreased to 1/2 original value, what happens to x-ray intensity? | increases by factor of 4 |
| three cardinal rules of radiation protection | time, distance, shiedling |
| which of the three cardinal rules of radiation protection is the most effective means of reducing exposure? | distance |
| ______ poses the greatest occupational hazard in diagnostic radiology | scattered radiation |
| true/false: you should know the dose limits for radiographers, general public (frequent and infrequent exposures), and pregnant radiographers | TRUE |
Created by:
hschmuck1
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