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PSYC101Midterm
Psychology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is true about the process of encoding? | It involves transforming information from one form to another in order for it to get into a particular part of memory. (p. 222) |
| Using the partial report technique, Sperling discovered that this part of memory has a duration of only half a second. | Iconic memory (p. 227) |
| The part of memory that has a capacity of about 7 items and whose duration can be increased through techniques such as maintenance rehearsal and chunking is called: | working memory. (p. 229-230) |
| Knowledge of who the first person to walk on the moon was is probably stored in: | semantic memory. (p. 234) |
| Verification of the statement “a beagle is a dog” is much faster than verification of the statement “a beagle is an animal” according to what model? | Semantic network (p. 235-236) |
| According to __________________, a student will do better on a psychology test if he or she takes the test in the same room as they learned material. | encoding specificity effect (p. 237-238) |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of recall? | Answering a question on a multiple choice test correctly (p. 239) |
| When a student is read a list of digits and asked to recall them, she remembers the first items on the list much better than the items in the middle of the list due to: | Primacy effect (p. 239) |
| Which of the following is NOT true of flashbulb memories? | They are usually very accurate. (p. 242-243) |
| One problem with courtroom testimony is that lawyers might phrase a question as to influence a person’s recall of a crime scene. This may be referred to as the: | Misinformation effect (p. 245) |
| According to research on Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve: | Forgetting is very rapid within the first few hours of learning, but then decreases gradually. (p. 248-249) |
| Julie first learned French, then she learned Spanish. However, she finds that often times when she speaks French, Spanish words seem to creep in. This is an example of _______________. | retroactive interference (p. 251) |
| The area of the brain that is responsible for the process of consolidation, which occurs after learning takes place, is called: | Hippocampus (p. 252) |
| The onset of this brain disease occurs when a person starts to show symptoms of memory loss that gradually increase in severity over time, and it is the third leading cause of death in late adulthood. | Alzheimer’s disease (p. 255) |
| A researcher decides to classically condition a rabbit by presenting a sound each time before delivering a puff of air to the rabbit’s eye. He finds that the rabbit starts to blink upon hearing the sound. What function does the air puff have? | Unconditioned stimulus (p. 179-180) |
| Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of classical conditioning? | The CS and UCS should occur together in time. (p. 180-181) |
| The phenomena in which a conditioned response reoccurs when the CS is presented after a period of extinction is called: | Spontaneous recovery (p. 182) |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning? | A child that is rewarded for studying (p. 179-192) |
| One common aspect of all forms of negative reinforcement is that: | something aversive is taken away from the situation to reinforce behavior. (p. 192) |
| Which of the following is NOT true about the use of punishment? | Punishment is the best method for getting children to behave. (p. 193-195) |
| This process is often used when trying to teach complex behaviors by which an individual is rewarded after achieving smaller steps that get him or her closer to the desired behavior: | Shaping (p. 195-196) |
| The color of a traffic light usually serves what primary function? | Discriminative stimulus (p. 196) |
| On average, a child will receive $10 from her parents every 2 weeks for cleaning her room. What type of reinforcement schedule are the parents using? | Fixed interval (p. 200) |
| Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest rate in responding (i.e., more instances of the target behavior)? | Variable ratio (p. 200-201) |
| Research on ________________ showed that not all behaviors can be learned through experience with the environment (e.g., operant conditioning), as was once thought by the behaviorists. | instinctive drift (p. 202) |
| Knowing the location of the alternative entrances into a building without having ever used them before is an example of: | Latent learning (p. 206-207) |
| Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness, which demonstrated: | Dogs given inescapable shock did nothing to escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape. (p. 208-209) |
| A bio has been search for solution about area of the brain is assoc. w/ conscious exp. After many yrs of work, the bio decides to abandon efforts. Later, he suddenly realizes the solution. What type of learning? | Insight (p. 208) |
| In order for observational learning to occur, all of the following elements need to be present EXCEPT: | Intelligence (p. 210-211) |
| _________________ are concepts that people form not as a result of the application of strict rules, but as the result of their experiences with concepts in the real world. | Natural concepts (p. 266) |
| ____________ is the method of problem solving in which a person uses a “rule of thumb” or a simple rule or principle to solve a problem that they may apply to many situations. | Heuristic (p. 269) |
| A person is looking for a key to open up a door, but in the process overlooks the fact that there are several other objects (e.g., a pin) that can help to unlock the door. This is an example of ______________________. | functional fixedness (p. 273-274) |
| The process of stimulating divergent thinking that involves starting with a central idea (e.g., animals) and drawing lines to other related ideas (e.g., bird, horse) to form a mental image of the concepts and their connections is called . | mind mapping (p. 276, Table 7.2) |
| According to Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory, ____________ intelligence consists of the ability to see the “big picture” of the word by asking questions about life, death, and other major issues. | existentialist (p. 278) |
| _________________ intelligence refers to the ability to break down problems into their component parts for problem solving. | Analytical (p. 278-279) |
| According to the Stanford-Binet test, the intelligence quotient (IQ) is measured using the equation: | IQ = (mental age/chronological age) *100 (p. 280) |
| ______________ refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure. | Validity (p. 281) |
| All of the following are potential flaws of intelligence tests EXCEPT: | Cannot predict academic performance for those who score at the high and low ends of the normal distribution (p. 283-285) |
| All of the following are potential causes of mental retardation EXCEPT: | Immunizations (p. 287-288) |
| At an IQ ranging from 40-55, a person: | can reach a 2nd grade skill level and can live and work in supervised environments. (p. 288, Table 7.7) |
| According to the study by Terman and Olden (1959), successful adults are different from other groups of adults in that ____________. | they are more persistent in pursuing their goals. (p. 289) |
| Emotional intelligence consists of all of the following EXCEPT: | Ability to think logically and problem solve (p. 291) |
| _______________ involves knowing things like how to take turns in a conversation, the use of gestures to emphasize a point, and the different ways that one speaks to different people. | Pragmatics (p. 297) |
| The cognitive universalism hypothesis suggests: | Concepts influence the development of language. (p. 298) |
| Children’s pronunciation errors are random and unpredictable. | False |
| What is considered a typical member of a category varies depending on context and experience. | True |
| Which are more accurate? | In-depth analyses |
| In the English language, there are more words | with the letter “r” as the third letter |
| In the English language, there are more words | with the letter “k” as the third letter |
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