click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharm - Ch. 93, 91
Drugs for HIV and Related Opportunistic Infections; Antifungals
Question | Answer |
---|---|
List different classifications of antiretroviral drugs | HIV fusion inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors |
List the drugs associated with each class | HIV fusion (not given), reverse transcriptase (nucleoside analog: zidovudine, non-nucleoside: nevirapine), protease inhibitor (indinavir) |
Reverse transcriptase reads _____ into _____ | RNA into DNA |
Protease is responsible for cutting ______. | Polypeptide chains |
True or false: protease inhibitors does not stop the infection but merely stops production of functional proteins | True. Conversion of RNA to DNA of viral particles still occurs in infected cell. But non-infected cells protected from infection. |
Zidovudine ______ HIV ______ | Inhibits; replication |
List adverse effects of zidovudine | Anemia, neutropenia, lactic acidosis, GI effects, CNS effects |
Nevirapine ____ to HIV reverse transcriptase | binds |
List adverse effects of nevirapine | Rash, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hepatotoxicity, drug interactions |
Indinavir is a protease inhibitor with what sort of SE? | Hyperglycemia/diabetes, fat redistribution, hyperlipidemia, reduced bone density, hepatoxicity, increased bleeding in hemophiliacs, elevated serum transanimase, drug interactions |
What are the two major groups of antifungal agents/ | Systemic mycotic infections, superficial mycotic infections |
Systemic mycotic infections can be broken into two sub-categories: _____ and ______ | Opportunistic (candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, mucormycosis) and nonopportunistic (sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiodomycosis) |
List two superficial mycotic infections | Candidias, dermatophytes |
List a broad spectrum antifungal used for systemic mycoses | Amphotericin B |
True or false: amphotericin B is highly toxic | True |
Describe the mechanism of action of amphotericin B | Damages fungal cell membrane by causing leakage of intracellular K |
List adverse effects of amphotericin b | Infusion reactions, nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia |
Amphotericin B can only be given via IV | True |
What is an alternative to amphotericin B for systemic mycoses? | Ketoconazole |
True or false: ketoconazole is fungicidal | False. Fungistatic |
True or false: adverse effects of ketoconazole are much less while the drug is only slightly less effective than its counterpart | True |
What adverse effects should be considered for ketoconazole? | Hepatotoxicity, effect on sex hormones, nausea/vomiting, headache, abdominal pain |
Describe the mechanism of action of ketoconazole | Inhibits an essential steroid component of fungal cell membrane |
Can ketoconazole be used for superficial mycoses | Yes |
Why does ketoconazole have effects on sex hormones? | Cross-reactivity due to inhibiting steroids of fungal cell membrane |
Vaginitis is treated with _____ | Miconazole |
Recurrent candidal vaginitis is common in patients with _____ or _____ | HIV, diabetes |
Thrush/candidiasis is often treated with ______ | Nystatin |
True or false: a nursing baby has trush, then you should treat the mother | True. And vice versa applies |