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A&P Ch14 Respiratory
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organs of the Respiratory system are designed to do what 2 things? | Air distributors; Gas exchangers |
| The process of respiration is an important ______________ mechanism. | Homeostatic |
| The respiratory system effectively does what 3 things to the air we breathe. | Filters, Warms & Humidifies |
| The pharynx is subdivided into 3 sections, name them from the top down: (NOL) | Nasopharynx; oropharynx, Laryngopharnyx |
| The exchanges of gases in the respiratory system is the passive transport process of _________. | Diffusion |
| An insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues is termed? | Hypoxia |
| Hypoxia is treated by administering oxygen to individuals suffering from this disorder. This is known as ___________ __________. | Oxygen Therapy |
| The upper respiratory tract (outside of the chest cavity)is composed of what 3 organs? | Nose, Pharynx, Larynx |
| The Lower Respiratory Tract consists of what? | Trachea, All segments of the bronchial tree, and the lungs |
| What is the membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory system? | Respiratory Mucosa |
| What membrane separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the surrounding capillaries? | Respiratory Membrane |
| The most important air purification mechanism is? | The layer of protective mucus. |
| How much respiratory mucus is produced daily? | More than 125mL |
| Why do cigarette smokers develope a "smoker's cough"? | Cigarette smoke paralyzes respiratory cilia resulting in an accumulation of mucus |
| Another name for the nostrils? | External Nares |
| What separates the left and right nasal cavities? | Nasal septum |
| Name the 4 paranasal sinuses: | Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, & Maxillary |
| When the nasal mucosa is inflammed what condition is developed from colds? | Sinusitis |
| Sinuses serve what 3 purposes? | 1. Production of mucus 2. Help lessen the weight of the skull bones 3. resonant chambers for sound |
| The 3 shelf-like structures that protrude into the sinuses on both sides are called? | Chonchae |
| What is the purpose of the chonchae? | Increases the surface area for air passage to warm and humidify the air. |
| Why is administered supplemental oxygen bubbled through air? | Because dry oxygen causes respiratory discomfort and irritation as it pulls more water from the mucosa. |
| What are the masses of lymphatic tissue embedded in the mucous membrane of the pharynx? | Tonsils |
| What are the tonsils in the nasopharynx? | Pharyngeal tonsils or Adenoids |
| What are the tonsils in the Oropharynx? | Palantine Tonsils |
| What are the 2 functions of the pharynx? | 1. Passageway for food and water 2. passageway for air |
| Name the 3 pairs of tonsils? | Pharyngeal Tonsils; Palantine Tonsils; Lingual tonsils |
| The space between the vocal cords is called? | Glottis |
| What is the purpose of the epiglottis? | Prevents food and water from entering trachea |
| The epiglottis is made of what? | Cartilage |
| The adam's apple is made of what? | Thyroid Cartilage |
| The Larynx is composed of what? | several pieces of cartilage |
| Another name for the trachea is what? Approximately how long is the trachea? | Windpipe; 11cm (4.5 inches) |
| What keeps the trachea from collapsing? | Approximately 15 to 20 C-Shaped rings of cartilage |
| What is the purpose of the trachea? | Passageway for air and the "muco-ciliary" mechanism of the mucus and cilia to expel airborne contaminants |
| Name (in order) the sections from the trachea to the smallest respiratory part. | Primary Bronchi, Secondary bronchi, bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli |
| What promotes the rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood circulating through the lung capillaries and alveolar air? | Alveoli |
| What covers the surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus? What is it's purpose? | Surfactant; Reduce surface tension and prevent collapse |
| What are the 3 methods of effective gas exchange in the alveoli? | 1)Single layer epithelium 2)Increased surface area(millions of aveoli) 3)Surfactant |
| In the respiratory system, the lining of the most of the organs are made of respiratory mucosa, when does it begin to be lined with just smooth muscle tissue? | Bronchioles |
| What drains into the nasal cavities? | The paranasal sinuses and the lacrimal sacs |
| What is the moist, slippery membrane lining the chest cavity and covers the surface of the lungs? | Pleura |
| What is between the Parietal and Visceral Pleura and what is it for? | Intrapleural space containing fluid to reduce friction |
| What is the term for inflammation of the pleura? | Pleurisy |
| When there is air in the intrapleural space it is called? | Pneumothorax |
| What do the lungs rest upon? | Diaphragm |
| What are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation? | Inspiration & Expiration |
| This term means the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment. | Respiration |
| ___________ ____________ is the process that moves air into and out of the lungs. | Pulmonary ventilation |
| The exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and in the blood is termed: | External Respiration |
| The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body is termed? | Internal Respiration |
| During inspiration what is the diaphragm doing? | Contracting and flattening |
| What muscles are involved in inspiration? | Diaphragm and external intercostals |
| Forceful expiration involves what muscles? | Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles |
| What type of process is inspiration? | Active process |
| Quiet expiration is what type of process? | Passive process |
| External or Internal? Carbaminohemoglobin breaks down into carbon dioxide and hemoglobin; Oxygen moves from the alveoli into lung capillaries | External |
| External or Internal? Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into O2 & hemoglobin; Carbaminohemoglobin is formed | Internal |
| Oxygen travels in what 2 forms? | Dissolved O2 in plasma and as Oxyhemoglobin |
| If carbon dioxide accumulates beyond normal limits in the blood what can happen? | It can become toxic (high levels of Hydrogen) |
| CO2 is transported in the blood in 3 different ways, what are they and which way carries the majority of CO2? | 1)Dissolved CO2 (10%) 2)Carbaminohemoglobin (20%) 3)Bicarbonate Ions (70%) |
| When CO2 combines with water it forms what? | Carbonic Acid |
| Dissociating carbonic acid forms what 2 products? | Hydrogen & bicarbonate ions |
| Tidal volume (TV) is what? | The amount of air during normal breathing |
| The greatest amount of air that be breathed out in one expiration: | Vital Capacity |
| The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal volume: | Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
| The amount of air that can be forcibly breathed in after tidal volume: | Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| Air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration: | Residual volume (RV) |
| Normal rate of respiration: | 12 to 18 breaths per minute |
| What is the formula for Vital Capacity: | VC = IRV + ERV + TV |
| The Respiratory Control Centers that regulate normal respiration are located where? | Medulla and Pons of the brain |
| What are the 2 receptors that influence respiration? | Chemoreceptors and Pulmonary Stretch Receptors |
| The Chemoreceptors are located where? | Aortic and Carotid bodies |
| These respond to the stretch in the lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from overinflating: | Pulmonary Stretch Receptors |
| The voluntary control of respiration are located where? | Cerebral Cortex |
| Normal breathing is termed? | Eupnea |
| Rapid and deep respirations are termed? | Hyperventilation |
| Slow and shallow breathing is termed? | Hypoventilation |
| Labored or difficult respirations? | Dyspnea |
| Respiration that has stopped is known as: | Apnea |
| Failure to resume breathing after apnea is called? | Respiratory Arrest |
| What 2 things open into the nasopharynx? | Pharyngeal tonsils and Auditory (Eustachian)tubes |
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