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HOS Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the standard model of science | data, evidence, observation, determines theory |
| Falsification | A genuinely scientific theory makes predictions that can be tested and show to be true or false (Karl Popper) |
| Scientific realism | Things that science posits (even if you can’t see, touch, or taste) really do exist. Scientists can determine that they exist through measurement and experimentation. |
| Scientific anti-realism | Is the scientific theory an account of what really is there? Or are these things “convenient fictions”? |
| Scientific paradigm (and scientific revolutions) | Set of beliefs, assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them, especially in an intellectual discipline. (Revolutionary Science: data that will not fit existing paradigm increase |
| Atomism | (Democritus) purely mechanical, materialist explanation-no logic, design, end, or purpose; world is a result of processes that are at once random and inescapable (necessary); deterministic view, consciousness dependent on atoms. |
| Four Elements | fire, air, earth, water (Empedocles) |
| Plato’s theory of Forms | ideas |
| Allegory of the Cave | Plato-The prisoners in a cave are forced to watch shadows on the wall; where we are the prisoners and every material object in our world is a projection of the object’s form or ideal state. |
| Telos | : Plato-“end” or “purpose”; All objects in the world are informed and shaped by the purpose they serve |
| Aristotle’s Cosmology | something cannot come from nothing; the universe is eternal (no beginning or end); filled with matter; 2 domains: terrestrial-change, mixture, growth, birth, death; celestial-changeless, prefect, eternal (moon is intermediate). |
| The Prime Mover | Eternal and incorporeal, pure and perfect mind; not the creator of the universe; motion of spheres explained by their desire to approach perfection; final cause, the theological aspiration of the spheres. |
| Retrograde motion | (Ptolemy) planet orbits travel backwards in their motion |
| Epicurean Philosophy | There are gods but earth and all life forms came into being without their aid or sponsorship; Gods have no knowledge or interest in human affairs; Hedonism-pursuit of pleasure, avoidance of pain; better to abstain from coarse or trivial pleasures if they |
| Four Humors | (Galen) Blood-source of life and energy; Phlegm-cools the body when required; Yellow Bile-required for digestion; Black Bile-darkens blood and other secretions from the body |
| Aquinas’ Medieval Synthesis | Greek natural philosophy/science merged with Christian faith, science and divine revelation in accord; unitary truth, a world and universe at once rationally ordered and divinely planned |
| Ockham ’s razor | Of competing hypothesis that sufficiently explain the data, select the one that makes the fewest assumptions. |
| Nominalism | Universal-characteristics or qualities shared by a number of specific objects or particulars or individuals, universals are abstract and general, particulars are concrete. |
| The Great Chain of Being | organisms are classified based on complexity |
| Cartesian Dualism | : The body is material, operates as a machine, with the properties of extension and motion, ultimately explicable in terms of physics. Mind (soul) is nonmaterial, has no extension or motion, and cannot be explained by the laws of physics. |
| Clockwork Universe | Universe is essentially a clock set in motion by the clock maker (god) |
| Empiricism | knowledge arises only or primarily through sense experience; role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or traditions. |
| Reductionism | Explanation of phenomenon involves reduction to component parts |
| Materialism | Living bodies operate as mechanisms |
| Mechanism | The operation of a mechanism is wholly explicable in terms of component parts. The parts precede the whole and can exist independently |
| Idols of the Mind | tribe-errors based on human error, cave-personality errors, market place-errors from common knowledge, theater-mistaken methods. |
| Newtonian law | At work universally, on the earth and in the heavens, describes the movement of very small and very large objects |
| Karl Popper | No number of positive experimental outcomes can ever fully confirm a scientific theory, |
| Karl Popper | Scientific theories are inherently hypothetical, the result of creative imagination |
| Karl Popper | No scientific theory is ever absolutely proven |
| Thomas Kuhn | Science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "paradigm shifts.” |
| Thomas Kuhn | Set of beliefs, assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them, especially in an intellectual discipline. |
| Thomas Kuhn | Ignore anomalies that can’t be made to fit |
| Thales of Miletus | There is a single underlying, fundamental substance of the universe |
| Thales of Miletus | This basic matter persists even as its qualities change |
| Thales of Miletus | Objects in motion must be animated by immaterial forces. |
| Empedocles | Four elements or “roots”: fire, air, earth, water |
| Empedocles | First hypothesis about universal non-material principles that govern the material world |
| Empedocles | First claim that there exist describable forces that govern the universe |
| Democritus | Came up with Atomism |
| Democritus | Particles themselves are indestructible and eternal |
| Democritus | Random movement in an infinite void |
| Pythagoreans | All material objects derive their properties from mathematical principles |
| Pythagoreans | Mathematics works at describing the world because the world is essentially and fundamentally mathematical |
| Pythagoreans | the principles, and they are not material, but mathematical |
| Plato | Came up with Theory of Forms |
| Plato | Not the material world of objects, imperfect, variable, impermanent |
| Plato | Different things can all be beautiful to (most all) of us because there is a concept of beauty we all have |
| Aristotle | Forms do not exist independently; they only exist in objects and belong to the object |
| Aristotle | All objects are composed of two things: matter (the basic underlying stuff) and forms (all the properties of that matter—shape, color, density, hardness, weight, etc.). |
| Aristotle | Every activity has a final cause, the good at which it aims |
| Ptolemy | Spherical movement of the heavens |
| Ptolemy | Generally spherical shape of the earth |
| Ptolemy | Earth has ratio to sphere of fixed stars as single point to a sphere |
| Lucretius | The permanent constituents of the universe: atoms and void |
| Lucretius | Motion caused, but in itself unpredictable—> no determinism—>free will |
| Lucretius | Infinite universe, infinitely extended space, an infinite number of atoms. |
| Ibn Sina/Avicenna | His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. |
| Ibn Sina/Avicenna | Most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer of his time. |
| Ibn Sina/Avicenna | Knowledge is attained by empirical processes and experience |
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