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Learning and Cog 1-3
Stasser's Learning and Cog Ch. 1-3 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| phylogeny | evolution and development of a species over time |
| genetic variation | the fact that individual genotypes, or genetic characteristics, differ within any group of organisms |
| sexual reproduction | when the gametes, or sex cells, of two separate individuals combine to form offspring |
| mutations | spontaneous, generally unpredicitable changes in genetic material |
| natural selection | differential reproduction of organisms within a population |
| ontogeny | development of the individual organism throughout its lifetime |
| habituation | decrease in intensity of response to a repeatedly presented stimulus |
| learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior potential brought about by experience |
| closed genetic program | characteristic of organisms possessing a nerous system that benefits little from experience (learning) |
| releasing stimuli | environmental stimuli that provoke a simple refelx |
| open genetic program | characteristic of organisms possessing a nervous system capable of being modified by experience (learning) |
| neonatal reflexes | collection of inborn responses to specific stimuli and common to all humans at birth |
| fixed-action patterns | highly stereotyped, inborn behavior patterns involving multiple muscle systems |
| theory | a series of statements about relationships between variables that, taken together, attempt to explain some natural phenomenon |
| hypothesis | an educated guess about relationships between variables that can be tested through experimentation |
| spatial memory | ability of an organism to recall specific locations in its environment over time |
| independent variable | factor manipulated by an experimenter to evaluate its effect on other variables |
| skepticism | the tendency to suspend judgement until you are reasonably certain all explanations have been considered |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency to view others' behavior as resulting from personal dispositions rather than from situational factors |
| rationalism | the idea that knowledge and truth are to be sought through logical reasoning |
| empiricism | the idea that knowledge is acquired through the senses |
| epistemology | collection of rules or criteria for establishing truth or knowledge |
| methodlogical behaviorism | John B. Watson's philosophy that emphasized experimentation on observable behavior because of the inaccessibility of private experience |
| radical behaviorism | B.F. Skinner's philosophy stating that private experience is a legitimate subject matter of behavioral science |
| information theory | the ability to process information from the environment is dependent on properties of the system (human or machine) |
| cognitive neuroscience | scientific discipline concerned with the relationship between brain function and cognition or information processing |
| continuity | Darwinian notion that natual selection should have led to certain universal features in all biological organisms |
| unconditional stimulus (US) | event in the environment producing reflexive, involuntary reaction |
| unconditional repsonse (UR) | involuntary or automatic responses to a US |
| conditional response (CR) | learned or conditioned reaction to conditional stimulus (also referred to as conditioned reflex) |
| conditional stimulus (CS) | stimulus which when paired with US comes to elicit conditional response |
| overshadowing | differential conditioning to one element of a compound stimulus when stimuli are presented simultaneously |
| blocking | initial conditioning to a CS impairs later conditioning to a separate CS |
| extinction | elimination of a conditional reflex by repeated presentations of the CS by itself |
| spontaneous recovery | the tendency of previously conditioned reflext to occur subsequent to having been extinguished |
| latent inhibition (LI) | imparied conditioning due to previous presentation of the CS by itself (also referred to as CS preexosure effect) |
| conditioned emotional response (CER) | supperssion of an operant response due to presentation of a classically conditioned inhibitory stimulus |
| generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS, despite no explicit training to these stimuli |
| discrimination | tendency to respond only to the CS and not to other similar stimuli |
| higher order conditioning | conditioning to a neutral stimulus as the result of pairing with a previously established CS |
| stimulus substitution theory | Pavlov's idea that the CS becomes a neural substitute, or representation, for the US |
| compensatory response theory | the idea that the CR represents an attempt by the body to prepare itself for the onset of the US |
| Rescorla-Wagner model | a mathematical model describing the accelerating course of learning in studies of Pavlovian conditioning and other forms of learning |
| learned taste aversion | development of a severe negative reaction to a food item due to pairing the food with illness or other aversive stimulation |
| psychoneuroimmunology | field that studies the conditioned responsivity of the immune system |
| counterconditioning | process of associating a feared CS with a positive US |
| behavior therapy | interventions based on learning principles to alter maladaptive behavior |
| systematic desensitization | treatment for phobias entailing gradual exposure to feared stimulus under conditions of relaxation |
| flooding | phobia treatment in which a feared stimulus (CS) is presented at full strength without relaxation |
Created by:
l_fren
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