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Leach PSY chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| thinking | mental activity that involves understanding, manupulating, and communicating information |
| symbol | an objective or an act that stands for something else |
| concept | a mental structure used to categorize objects, people, or events that share similar characteristics |
| prototype | an orginal model on which others in the same category are patterned |
| algorithm | a problem-soving strategy that eventually leads to a solution; usually involves trying random solutions to a problem in a systematic way |
| heuristic | a strategy for making judgments and solving problems |
| difference reduction | a problem-solving method that involves reducing the differece between the present situation and the desired one |
| means-end analysis | a heuristic device in which a solution to a problem is found by evaluating the differece between the current situation and the goal |
| incubation effect | the tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem |
| mental set | the tendency to approach a new problem in a way that has been successful in the past |
| functional fixedness | a barrier to problem solving that involves the tendecy to think of objects only in terms of their common uses |
| convergent thinking | thinking that is limited to available facts |
| divergent thinking | a thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to a problem |
| reasoning | the process of drawing logical conclusions from facts and arguments |
| deductive reasoning | a form of thinking in which conclusions are inferred from premises; the conclusions are true if the premises are true |
| premise | a statement or assertion that serves as the basis for an argument |
| inductive reasoning | a form of thinking that involves using individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to look for information that confirms one's preconceived notions |
| representativeness heuristic | the process of making decisions about a sample according to the population that the sample appears to represent |
| availability heuristic | the tendency to make decisions on the basis of information that is available in one's immediate consciousness |
| anchoring heuristic | the process of making decisions based on certain ideas or standards held by the decision maker |
| framing effect | the influence of wording, or the way in which information is presented, on decision making |
| language | the communication of ideas through sounds and symbols that are arranged according to the rules of grammar |
| phoneme | the basic sound unit in a spoken language |
| morpheme | the smallest meaningful unit of language, such as a prefix or suffix |
| syntax | the ways in which words and phrases are arranged into grammatical sentences |
| semantics | the study of meaning in language; the relationship between language and the objects depicted by the lanuage |
| overregularization | the formation of plurals and the past tense of irregular nouns and verbs according to rules of grammar that apply to regular nouns and verbs; characteristic of the speech of young children |
| language acquisition device | according to Chomsky, the inborn ability of humans to acquire language |
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CoachLeach
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