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Ch 6 - CommDisorders
Exceptional Lives - Communication Disorders
Question | Answer |
---|---|
speech disorder | difficulty producing sounds as well as disorders or voice quality or fluency of speech (stuttering) |
language disorder | difficulty receiving, understanding, or formulating ideas and information |
receptive language disorder | difficulty receiving or understanding information |
expressive language disorder | difficulty formulating ideas and information |
cleft palate or lip | a condition in which a person has a split in the upper part of the oral cavity or the upper lip |
dialect | language variation that a group of individuals uses and that reflects shared regional, social, or cultural/ethnic factors |
speech | oral expression of language |
language | structured, shared, rule-governed, symbolic system for communicating |
phonology | the use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words; encompasses rules and sequencing of individual speech sounds (phonemes) |
phonemes | individual speech sounds |
morphology | system that governs the structure of words |
morpheme | smallest meaningful unit of speech |
syntax | provides rules for putting together a series of words to form sentences |
semantics | refers to the meaning of what is expressed |
pragmatics | refers to the use of communication in contexts; overall organizer for language |
social interaction theories | emphasize that communication skills are learned through social interactions |
articulation | speaker's production of individual or sequenced sounds |
substitutions | an articulation error, such as /d/ for /th/ |
omissions | an articulation error, leaving a phoneme out of a word |
additions | an articulation error, placing a vowel between two consonants |
distortions | an articulation disorder, modifications of the production of a phoneme in a word |
apraxia | motor speech disorder that affects the way in which a student plans to produce speech |
pitch | determined by the rate of vibration in the vocal folds, affected by the tension and size of the vocal folds |
duration | the length of time any speech sound requires |
intensity | loudness or softness, based on the perception of the listener and is determined by the air pressure coming from the lungs through the vocal folds |
resonance | the perceived quality of someone's voice, determined by the way in which the tone coming from the vocal folds is modified by the spaces of the throat, mouth ,and nose |
hypernasality | air is allowed to pass through the nasal cavity on sounds other than /m/, /n/, and /ng/ |
hyponasality | air cannot pass through the nose and comes through the mouth instead |
fluency | rate and rhythm of speaking |
specific language impairment | impairment not related to any physical or intellectual disability |
organic disorders | caused by an identifiable problem in the neuromuscular mechanism of the person |
functional disorders | disorder with no identifiable organic or neurological cause |
oral motor exam | examination of the appearance, strength and range of the motion of the lips, tongue, palate, teeth, and jaw |
bilingual | uses two languages equally well |
bidialectical | uses two variations of a language |
System for Augmenting Language (SAL) | focuses on augmented input of language |
congenital disorder | a disorder that occurs at or before birth |
acquired disorder | a disorder that occurs well after birth |