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PsychofPerception
EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Emanation theory | Took mythologies about how people got vision and writes theory that's logical in nature: Organisms send beams of light out of their eyes to see |
| Plato's contributions | Light is the medium for vision and we transmit a copy to the world into our bodies |
| Plato | Solid structure almost clay-like cone coming out of eyes and when it hits objects like trees, it gets formed by light. The clay is being displaced. The impression of the clay reaches back all the way to the eye. |
| Distal stimulus | World at distance you don't perceive directly, you transmit a copy of what you see right into your eye |
| Proximal stimulus | Copy of the world, the sense organ |
| Euclid (300's BCE) | Studies optics (the study of light) in a mathematical way (description of light) |
| Euclid's contributions | Light travels in rays and straight lines; reluctance (rules how light is going to reflect off particular surfaces) |
| Alhazan (1000 CE) | Was asked to make a dam but there wasn't materials to do it so he feigned madness as opposed to being murdered for refuting King's request and experienced 10 years in solitary confinement. Reformed proximal stimulus |
| Observation of chambered eye | If you took an eyeball and sliced it open (humor, wet substance, etc) It would be an empty chambered eye |
| Medium of vision is reflective light | Asserts that we don't actually shoot beams of light out of the eye, the eye is black in the middle because its dark and there is no light, light comes into the eye |
| Molyneux's Premise | Perceiver's cannot see the third dimension, needs to be fixed. Premise gets us started on perceptual processes |
| The proximal stimulus is | actually like a picture or photograph and the SP is an upside down dim, grainy, pixelated picture of the world (bad copy) Image is at the back of the eye and its 2-D |
| John Locke (father of british empiricism) | All knowledge comes from experience which effects the perceptual process and your perception is not the same as his or her perception |
| Locke's contributions | Anomalies in visual image become informative (learning processes experience w touch) Pictorial cues ( depth) of the third dimension and we need to learn interposition (not 2 halves of car, car behind a tree, we can tell that a car is further than the tree |
| Berkeley 1700's | Fascinated by Locke's idea of experience and perception and wrote a new theory of vision: while things exist we can never know it and perception is reality. Desk does not exist outside of us, we can only know it exists because of perception.Obsessed w MP |
| Berkeley's contributions | Theory of cues: We have to have a way to experience space and touch is a rationalizer. Touch requires direct relationship to the outside world (Does not need a copy of the world, not subject to what is outside the world) |
| Helmholtz Mid 1800's | Theory of cues is too narrow and its not applicable to all the problems that a bad copy has. Depth goes beyond experience of the world, computation has to be involved. Interposition needs to be fixed and interpreted, not informative. perceptual=cognitive |
| Unconscious inference | Judgement without experience, behaving as if we know it already (knowledge) We use immediate unconscious inference when we are perceiving particular thing |
| Fechner (1950's) father of psychophysics, experimental psychology | After image (look at sun and look away, you see images and lights afterwards) He burned his retinas staring at the sun through colored lens, blinded for 3yrs. You can't cut eye open and measure, images always different (not physiologically inherited) |
| Method of limits | Stick you in a dark room and put a small amount of light in the room we can measure (energy there that cannot detect if its a very small amount) How much energy we need so that we can see and notice there is light |
| Method of constant stimuli | Randomly presents members of continuum. Didn't know what kind of frequency its going to be at (works better) Better if you defined range limit of where threshold might be (discontinuous nature) |
| Method of adjustment | Continuous adjustment of energy level by participants(volume knobs were continuous compared to button (they define how far you can go) L to H (threshold higher) H to L do it a couple of times and switch at same stop |
| Just noticeable differences | Discovers that for a particular sensation (perception of weight) relationship how bug stimuli are and the difference between the two can be detected DL-difference btw to stimuli, S- intensity of standard K-webers constant |
| Weber's constant | Doesn't matter what kind of weight this is, constant is the same for each one of those, the (k) constant is describing psychological experience |
| Doctrine of specific nerve energies | We all have different perceptual experiences because they belong to different parts of the body. Physiology capabilities are constraining and forming perceptual experiences in the world, cognitive experiences, etc |
| Johannes Muller (1830's- 40's) Before Fechner | NS is homogenous. Diff energy that is turned into action potential, neurons fire anytime you feel or see something, signals all the same. Sends action potential from diff parts of brain, axons from eye connects to diff part of brain |
| Fechner | The physiology as the source of this slippage between what's enough. Implied capacity of our processes shape the way we perceive the world |
| Optics | What allows to shape view of the world is optical properties of the eye and collect light energy and focus it |
| Convert light energy to | nervous system energy |
| Improve image | Cilliary muscles capture rays that are traveling straighter (ray of light bounces, lens at back of pupil makes picture brighter and not fuzzy, |
| Cilliary muscles | are what often causes focus problems. Get weaker and can't accommodate the way they use to (become harder lens) and ends up reducing your range (reading then looking up, CM focus) |
| Lens | Soft and pliable and attached to it are a set of cilliary muscles, pull and push the soft lens to change focal range; lens short and round for close up and lens pulled out, long and skinny for far away |
| Iris | Large and stretched to let in light, contracts when to much light is let in |
| Transduction | converter located off the back of the eye |
| Reflective light | is light we experience, w/o it bouncing off we don't see things, therefore they don't exist, light eminates everywhere |
| Complexity | amplitude y time x wave form electromagnetic energy, most of the light in the world looks like this, higher amplitude, brighter light) |
| wavelength | difference between top of one hill from the top of another |
| range of wavelength | short cycles and long cycles, mixing multiple wavelengths causes clarity of hue to go down |
| physical | amplitude, wavelength and complexity |
| perceptual | brightness, hue, saturation |
| Dark Adaptations Experiment | Getting use to the dark you can see pretty well, bright light adapted, dark room |
| Duplex Theory | states we have two different receptors, rods (scotopic) which operate in the dark and adapts slowly but adapts best and cones (photopic) which operate in the light and adapt quickly but poorly, takes two diff cells to convert light to action potential |
| Saturation | Experience of saturation is driven by the complexity of waves |
| Ganglian cells have a certain threshold of excitation | it needs a certain amount of stimulation to fire, action potential is going to release a certain amount of neurotransmitters at a time |
Created by:
Maritini
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