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PSY32 EXAM 1
definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Science | A way of knowing whose overarching goal is to understand a phenomenon |
| observation | ways of knowing: The practice of taking measurements of an object or phenomenon to figure out its nature |
| logic | ways of knowing: the formal rules of correct and incorrect reasoning |
| intuition | ways of knowing: an implicit understanding of the phenomenon that a person develops in the absence of any formal training on the topic. |
| authority | ways of knowing: the expertise or status in a specific area. People often rely on the opinions of experts and authorities to require knowledge |
| theory | a set of principles that explain causal relations between variables; integrate data from different sources; guide subsequent studies |
| operational definition | definitions of theoretical constructs that are are stated in terms of concrete and observable procedure. |
| description | major goal of scientific research: Carefully observing behavior in order to describe it |
| prediction | major goal of scientific research: Identify the factors that indicate when an event will occur |
| explanation | major goal of scientific research: identification of causes of that determines when and why a behavior occurs via experiments etc. |
| determinism | canon of science: assumption that all events have meaningful and systematic causes-->theory |
| testability | canon of science: good theories can be confirmed or disconfirmed--> hypothesis |
| empiricism | canon of science: the best way to figure out the orderly principles in nature is to make observations |
| parsimony | canon of science: when deciding between two competing theories, we should prefer the simpler one. |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction of the relationship between variables |
| validity | relative accuracy and correctness |
| reliability | consistency and repeatability |
| internal validity | causality; control individual differences and isolate independent variables from potential source of contamination |
| construct validity | manipulation/operational definitions:how well the variables represent the abstract; how to assess? 1. clearly define construct of interests by identifying the prototypical features 2. develop items to assess the features 3.assess the match between the two |
| construct validity: 1.content validity | how adequately the items/ tasks sample the target domain |
| construct validity: 2. convergent validity | test if measures/ procedures prove that related constructs are in fact related |
| construct validity: 3. discriminant validity | test if measures/ procedures prove that unrelated constructs are in fact unrelated. |
| external validity | how accurate the description is to explain what typically happens in the real world/ generalizability: with respect to people;to situation. passive observational studies：high EV |
| conceptual validity | how well a specific research hypothesis maps onto the broader theory that it was designed to test |
| reliability | consistency and repeatability of a measure or observation |
| test-retest reliability | measure/test a group of individuals at one time and then having them come back a second time to take the test again. |
| internal consistency reliability | the degree to which the total set of items of observations in a multiple-item measure behave in the same way |
| interrater reliability | the degree to which different trained judges independently agree upon an observation or judgement |
| measurement error | inaccuracy that exists when measuring a characteristic or behavior; observed score= True ability(Actual Perceived score)+ Error |
| construct | complex and abstract psychological concept |
| Cronbach's alpha | a common statistical indicator of internal consistency that closely ties to the average correlation that exists between multiple indicators of single construct. reverse the negative items to the same direction of positive items |
| split-half reliability | internal consistency reliability, to split the data in half and average the halves and correlate the two. |
| nominal level of measurement | categorical and qualitative: either belongs to a group or not e.g. gender |
| ordinal level of measurement | designates ordering, quasi-ranking; e.g. finishing place in a race |
| interval level of measurement | designates equal interval ordering e.g. IQ |
| ratio level of measurement | designates equal interval ordering with a true zero point e.g. weight` |
| judgement phase | make sure Ps are thinking about the same questions as the researchers were |
| response translation phase | make sure Ps can translate their internal psychological state into some kind of value on a response scale |
| wording questions | 1.simple2. informal language3. no negations4. no double-barreled5. avoid qs w/o variance6.guarantee anonymity7.sensitively ask sensitive qs8.no social desirablity bias9.relevance10.no leading qs11.no ambiguity, confusion, vagueness12.no forced-choice qs |
| response scale` | 1.# of scale points 2.anchors(end&middle,equal appearing intervals)3.unipolar or bipolar Empirical Validated Well-Anchored Scale |
| non-probability samples | convenience sample(quick but not representative of the whole population) |
| simple random sampling: probability sample | equal chance of being included |
| stratified random sampling: probability sample | random sampling within clearly defined strata |
| sample | a subgroup drawn from the population being studied |
| nonexperimental research | 1.case studies 2.single-variable research 3.multi-variable research 4.archival research 5.observational research |
| single-variable research | to describe some specific property of a large group of people; census and survey; |
| census | a body of data collected from every member of a population of interest` |
| correlation | problems 1.causality2. reverse causality 3.third variable problem |
| personal confound | third variable problem: ppl high/low on a variable happen to be high/low on some individual difference variable(personality, demographic...) |
| environmental confound | third variable problem:on environmental nuisance variable |
| operational confound | third variable problem: a measure designed to assess a specific construct inadvertently measures somethings else as well |
| alternative hypothesis | a statement that there is relationship between two variables in a population;scientific/research hypothesis |
| null hypothesis | a statement of no relationship between variables; test this |
| Type I error | reject a true null hypothesis;You say there’s a real relationship between variables but really there’s not. |
| Type II error | fail to reject a false hypothesis;You say there’s not a real relationship between variables but really there is. |
| inferential statistics | make inferences: to interpret or draw general conclusions about a set of observations. techniques to estimate the probability of mean difference occurring by chance` |
| descriptive statistics | techniques to summarize or describe a set of observations |
| general principles of research ethics | 1.beneficence and non-maleficence2. fidelity and responsibility 3.integrity 4. justice 5. respect for peoples' rights and dignity |
| freedom from coercion | ethical standards for research: protect ppl's right to drop out of a study if they choose to do so. Make it clear that they have the right to stop participating w/o negative consequences |
| debriefing | ethical standards for research: educate ppl about the nature and design of an investigation to be sure that when they leave, their minds are as favorable as they arrived. reasons for deception |
| informed consent | ethical standards for research: advise Ps about any foreseeable risks and get Ps' permission to participate prior to the beginning of study |
| risk/benefit rule | ethical standards for research: the benefits to Ps or society should outweigh the risks to Ps |
| risk/benefit analysis | a comparison of the potential risks to its benefits |
| protection from physical and psychological harm | ethical standards for research |
| research ethics | a set of principles that assist the experiment in conducting ethical researches |
| institutional review board | a committee of individuals who review protocols and ensure the ethical appropriateness of the studies. |
| in-text citation | shorthand way of showing the resource for a specific idea |
Created by:
shenyenj
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