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Psychology- chapter5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Activation-synthesis Theory | Maintains that dreams represent the brain's attempt to interpret random patterns of neural activation triggered by the brain stem during sleep |
| Agonist | A drug that increases or mimics the activity or a neurotransmitter |
| Alcohol Myopia | When intoxicated a “shortsightedness” in thinking caused by an inability to pay attention to as much information as when sober. |
| Alpha Waves | A brain wave pattern of 8 to 12 cycles per second that is characteristic of humans in a relaxed, drowsy state. |
| Antagonist | A drug that inhibits or decreases the action of a neurotransmitter |
| Automatic (unconsciousness) Processing | Mental activities that occur with minimal or no conscious control or awareness |
| Beta Waves | A brain wave pattern of 15 to 30 cycles per second that is characteristic of humans who are in an alert waking state |
| Blindsight | A disorder in which people are blind in part of their visual field yet, in special tests, respond to stimuli in that field despite reporting that they cannot see those stimuli |
| Blood-brain Barrier | A specialized lining of cells in the brain's blood vessels that screens out foreign substances while letting nutrients pass through to neurons |
| Circadian Rhythms | biological cycles within the body that occur on an approximately 24-hour cycle |
| Cognitive-process Dream Theories | Approaches that focus on how we dream, and propose that dreaming and waking thought are produced by the same mental systems in the brain |
| Compensatory Responses | A bodily response that opposes a drug's effects and occurs in an attempt to restore homeostasis |
| Consciousness | Our moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| Controlled (consciousness) Processing | Mental control that requires volitional control and attentiveness |
| Delta Waves | Low frequency, high amplitude brain waves that occur in stage 3 sleep and predominate in stage 4 sleep |
| Depressants | Drugs that reduce neural activity and can decrease feelings of tension and anxiety |
| Dissociation Theories | Views that focus on hypnosis as an altered state involving a division of consciousness |
| Divided Attention | The ability to perform more than one activity at the same time |
| Evolutionary/ Circadian Sleep Models | The view that in the course of evolution, each species developed an adaptive circadian sleep-wake pattern that increased its chances of survival in relation to its environmental demands |
| Fantasy-prone Personality | The tendency of some people to spend much of their waking time living in a vivid, rich fantasy world that they control |
| Hallucinogens | Drugs that distort or intensify sensory experiences and evoke hallucinations and disordered thought processes |
| Hypnosis | A condition of enhanced suggestibility in which some people are able to experience imagined situations as if they were real |
| Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales | A set of induction procedures and test questions that enable researchers to measure a person's responsiveness to hypnotic suggestions |
| Insomnia | A sleep disorder involving chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep |
| Melatonin | A hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, that has a relaxing effect on the body and promotes a readiness for sleep |
| Memory Consolidation | The creation and binding together of neural codes that allow information to be transferred from working memory into long-term memory |
| Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder that involves extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks during waking hours |
| Night Terrors | A disorder in which a sleeper becomes aroused to a near panic state |
| Opiates | A category of drugs consisting of opium and drugs derived from it, such as morphine, codeine, and heroin |
| Priming | Occurs when exposure to a stimulus influences how you subsequently respond to that same or another stimulus |
| Problem-solving Dream Models | The view that dreams can help us find creative solutions to our problems and conflicts because they are not constrained by reality |
| REM Sleep | A recurring sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements, increased physiological arousal, paralysis of the voluntary muscles, and a high rate of dreaming |
| RBD | A sleep disorder in which the loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-sleep paralysis is absent, thereby enabling sleepers to move about and seemingly act out their dreams |
| Restoration Model | The theory that sleep recharges our run-down bodies and allows us to recover from physical and mental fatigue |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder | A disorder in which depressive symptoms appear or worsen during certain seasons of the year and then improve during other seasons. |
| Selective Attention | A cognitive process that focuses awareness on some stimuli to the exclusion of others |
| Sleep Apnea | A disorder characterized by a repeated cycle in which the sleeper stops breathing, momentarily awakens gasping for air, and then returns to sleep |
| Slow-wave Sleep | Stages 3 and 4 of sleep, in which the EEG pattern shows large, slow brain waves called delta waves |
| Social-cognitive Theories | The view that hypnotic experiences occur because people are highly motivated to assume the role of being hypnotized |
| Stimulants | Drugs that stimulate neural activity, resulting in a state of excitement or aroused euphoria |
| Substance Dependence | A maladaptive pattern of substance use that causes a person significant distress or substantially impairs that person's life |
| Suprachiasmatic Nuclei | The brain's master “biological clock”, located in the hypothalamus, that regulates most circadian rhythms |
| THC | The major active ingredient in marijuana |
| Tolerance | A condition in which increasingly larger doses of a drug are required to produce the same level of bodily responses |
| Visual Agnosia | A disorder in which an individual is unable to visually recognize objects |
| Wish Fulfillment | In Freudian theory the partial or complete satisfaction of a psychological need through dreaming or waking fantasy |
| Withdrawal | The occurrence of compensatory responses after drug use is discontinued, causing the person to experience physiological reactions opposite to those that had been produced by the drug. |
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Akile6
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