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Bernstein Chapter 3
Biological Aspects of Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A complex combination of cells whose primary function is to allow an organism to gain information about what is going on inside and outside of the body and to respond appropriately | nervous system |
| fundamental units of the nervous system; nerve cells | neuron |
| cells in the nervous system that hold neurons together and help them communicate with one another | glial cell |
| fibers that carry signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons | axon |
| neuron fibers that receive signals from the axons of other neurons and carry those signals to the cell body | dendrite |
| tiny gaps between neurons across which they communicate | synapse |
| fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of action potentials; insulation or protection of axon | myelin sheath |
| an abrupt wave of electrochemical changes travelling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized; | action potential |
| a short rest period between action potentials | refractory period |
| chemicals that assist in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another | neurotransmitters |
| sites on the surface of a cell that allow only one type of neurotransmitter to fit into them, triggering a chemical response that may lead to action potential; gateways and doors. | receptors |
| cells in the nervous system that provide information to the brain about the environment | sensory systems or neurons |
| cells in the nervous system that the brain uses to influence influence muscles and other organs to respond to the environment in some way | motor systems or neurons |
| the parts of the nervous system not housed in bone; extends through the body and relays information to the brain (outlying) | peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| brain and spinal cord; parts of the nervous system encased in bone | central nervous system |
| voluntary behavior, skeletal muscles; the subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information to the senses to the central nervous system and carries them to the muscles | somatic nervous system |
| involuntary; bodily function; blood; subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system to the heart, lungs, and other organs and glands | autonomic nervous system |
| the subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that readies the body for vigorous activity (speed up; fight or flight) | sympathetic nervous system |
| the subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that influences activity related to protection, nourishment and growth of the body. (slow down or restore) | parasympathetic nervous system |
| part of the brain that controls vital functions, heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. | medulla |
| part of the hindbrain that stores memories of movement,coordination and balance | cerebellum |
| network of fibers and cells threaded throughout the hindbrain and midbrain that alters the activity of the rest of the brain | reticular formation |
| forebrain structure that relays signals from most sense organs to higher levels in the brain and plays an important role in processing and making sense out of information. The routing system, messages from the body, recognition and integration | thalamus |
| part of the brain that controls food intake, hunger and thirst, some roles in sex drive. | hypothalamus |
| part of the brain that is the "pleasure center" , emotional behavior, in-discriminant sexual behavior. associates features of stimuli from two sensory modalities. | amygadala |
| part of the brain that deals with MEMORY, gives the ability to learn new things and the formation of new memories | hippocampus |
| set of brain structures that play important roles in regulation emotion and memory. | limbic system |
| outer surface of the brain. cerebral dominance and lateralization | cerebral cortex |
| left and right halves of the brain. left deals with math, language and writing. right deals with creativity, perception, and body awareness | cerebral hemispheres |
| parts of the cerebral cortex that receive stimulus information from the senses | sensory cortex |
| part of the cerebral cortex whose neurons control voluntarily movements in specific parts of the body. | motor cortex |
| parts of the cerebral cortex that receive information from more than one sense or that combine sensory and motor information to perform complex cognitive tasks. | association cortex |
| production of language area of the brain | broca's aphasia |
| processing of words we hear area of the brain | wernicke's area |
| massive bundle of of fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain and allows them to connect with each other. | corpus callosum |
| the tendency for one hemisphere to excel at a particular function or skill compared with the other hemisphere | lateralization |
| ability to create new synapses and to change the strength of synapses | plasticity |
| a neurotransmitter used by neurons in the peripheral and central nervous systems in the control of functions ranging from muscle contraction and heart rate to digesrion and memory. | acetylcholine |
| neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as learning and mood regulation. | norepinephrine |
| neurotransmitter used by cells in parts of the brain involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, and eating. | serotonin |
| neurotransmitter used in the parts of the brain involved in regulating movement and experiencing pleasure. | dopamine |
| neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of neurons | gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) |
| class of neurotransmitters that bind to opiate receptors and moderate pain. | endorphines |
| cells that forms organs called glands and that communicate with one another by secreting chemicals called hormones | endocrine system |
| chemicals secreted by s gland into the bloodstream, which carries them throughout the body. | hormones |
| regulates growth, controls thyroid, ovaries or testes, pancreas and adrenal cortex; regulates water and salt metabolism. | pituitary gland |
| a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. | immune system |
| a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue | autoimmune disorders |
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