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Gen. Psych exam 2
ch. 4, 5, & 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ? is everything of which we are aware at any given time--our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions of the external environment. | Consciousness |
| A change in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, or drugs. | Altered state of consciousness |
| Regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors within a 24-hour cycle. Regulates all vital life functions. | Circadian Rhythms |
| *structure in the hypothalamus *The body's biological clock *Controls the timing of circadian rhythms *Signals the pineal gland to secrete or suppress melatonin. | Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
| nature's sleeping pill | melatonin |
| The symptoms of ? result from the difference between our internal clock and the time in our environment. | Jet lag |
| It is easier to adapt to ? (east-west travel) then to ? (west-east travel) | Phase delays; phase advances |
| The time during a 24-hour period when the biological clock tells a person to go to sleep. | Subjective night |
| The function of sleep is to restore body and mind. What theory is this? | Restorative theory of sleep |
| Sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the night. Also known as the evolution theory. | Circadian theory of sleep |
| non-rapid eye movement sleep; characterized by slow respiration and heart rate, little body movement, and low blood pressure and brain activity | NREM sleep |
| Characterized by rapid eye movements, paralysis of large muscles, fast and irregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain activity, and vivid dreams. | REM sleep |
| ? aids in information processing, helping people shift daily experience, to organize and store in memory information that is relevant to them | REM sleep |
| ? negatively impacts mood, alertness, and performance and reduces the body's ability to warm itself, even at relatively comfortable temperatures | Sleep deprivation |
| *Fatigue *Impaired concentration *Irritability *Immune Suppression *Slowed performance *auto accidents | Sleep deprivation |
| Have a story like quality and are more visual, vivid, and emotional. | REM dreams |
| Occur during NREM sleep; less frequent and memorable. | NREM dreams |
| Set of techniques that enable dreamers to control the content of dreams | Lucid dreaming |
| Story line | Freud's manifest content |
| Underlying; meaning of a dream | Freud's Latent content |
| Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random firing of brain cells during REM sleep. | Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming |
| Dreaming is simply thinking while asleep | Cognitive theory of dreaming |
| The most common sleep compliant; a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, by waking too early or by sleep that is light, restless, or of poor quality. | Insomnia |
| Sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and attacks of muscle weakness | narcolepsy |
| Serious life threatening condition in which the flow of air to the lungs stops for at least 10 seconds and may not start again for a minute or longer. | Sleep apnea |
| A parasomnia that occurs during stage 4 sleep, usually in children | sleepwalking |
| individuals are not paralyzed during REM sleep | REM sleep disorder |
| any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought. | Psychoactive Drug |
| a craving or irresistible urge for a drug’s pleasurable effects. | Psychological Dependence |
| Craving-the desire to take a drug Relapse-a return to the use of a drug following a period of abstinence from use of the drug. | Common Features of Addiction |
| Need more to achieve same effect | Tolerance |
| Discomfort and distress with discontinued use. | Withdrawal |
| Reduce neural activity and slow bodily function | Depressants |
| the leading cause of mental retardation in the Western world today is alcohol consumption by pregnant women | Alcohol |
| Sleeping pills Anti-anxiety pills | Barbiturates |
| • Speed up bodily functions Increase heart rate, breathing Appetite diminishes Increased energy and self-control | Stimulants |
| Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamines | Stimulants |
| • Psychedelic drugs distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD | Hallucinogens |
| Marijuana Ecstasy | Hallucinogens |
| Reduction in serotonin Memory loss Mood regulation Learning | Long term effects of ecstasy |
| a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experiences and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation. | Learning |
| a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. | Classical conditioning |
| any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. | Stimulus |
| a learned reflex rather than a naturally occurring one. | conditioned reflexes |
| inborn, automatic, unlearned response to a particular stimulus. | Unconditioned reflexes |
| Weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of CS without the US | Extinction |
| Reappearance of an extinguished CR when an organism is exposed to the CS following a rest period | Spontaneous recovery |
| Tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS | Generalization |
| Learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the CR occurs only to the original CS but not to similar stimuli. | Discrimination |
| Conditioned fears “persist to modify personality throughout life” | Watson and Rayner (1920) “Little Albert” study |
| the intense dislike and/or avoidance of particular foods that have been associated with nausea or discomfort. | Taste aversions |
| A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response. | Operant conditioning |
| formulated the law of effect | Edward Thorndike |
| The consequence, or effect, of a response determines whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future is strengthened or weakened | The Law of Effect |
| • The law of effect formed the basis for B.F. Skinner’s work on the ? | Operant conditioning |
| the causes of behavior are in the environment and do not result from inner mental events, such as thoughts, feelings, or perceptions. | Skinner's definiteion of operant conditioning |
| anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will be repeated. | Reinforcement |
| A pleasant or desirable consequence that increases the probability that a response will be repeated (present to increase behavior). | Positive Reinforcement |
| - Termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated (Remove to increase behavior). | Negative reinforcement |
| A reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need and does not depend on learning | Primary Reinforcer |
| A reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers. | Secondary reinforcer |
| Gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response. | Shaping |
| reinforcement that follows every target response | Continuous reinforcement |
| reinforcement that does not follow every target response | Partial reinforcement |
| require that a certain number of responses be made before one of the responses is reinforced. | Ratio schedules |
| a given amount of time must pass before a reinforcer is administered. | Interval schedules |
| Reinforcer given after a fixed number of correct nonreinforced responses. | Fixed Ratio |
| Reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses | Variable ratio |
| Reinforcer is given after first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed. | Fixed ratio |
| Reinforcer is given after first correct response following a carrying period of time. | Variable interval |
| mental processes such as thinking, knowing, and problem solving, remembering, and forming mental representations. | Cognitive processes |
| ?contends that many behaviors or responses are acquired through observational learning, or as he more often calls it now, ? | Albert Bandra; social-cognitive learning |
| learning by observation the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning by imitation. | Observational learning |
| Sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem, which makes the solution apparent. | Insight |
| Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so | Latent learning |
| Latent Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so | Edward Tolman |
| A mental representation of a spatial arrangement such as a maze | Cognitive map |
| is the persistence of learning over time. | Memory |
| How does information fit into memory? | Encoding |
| physiological change in the brain | Consolidation |
| How is information maintained? | Storage |
| How is information pulled back out of memory? | Retrieval |
| Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory | Encoding |
| Maintaining information in memory | Storage |
| Bringing stored material to mind | Retrieval |
| Briefly holds information from the senses | Sensory memory |
| Holds about seven (plus or minus two) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal Also called working memory | Short-term Memory |
| purposely repeating information to keep it in STM | Rehearsal |
| Grouping bits of information into larger units which are easier to remember | Chunking |
| has a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person’s permanent or relatively permanent memories | Long term memory |
| Stores facts and information, and life events | Declarative memory |
| Stores motor skills, habits, simple conditioned responses | Nondeclarative memory |
| Task in which a person must search memory to produce required information | Recall |
| two words that associate with each other | Paired Associate |
| Task in which a person must identify information as having been encountered before | Recognition |
| Measures retention in terms of time saved when relearning material compared to learning it originally | Relearning |
| Recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence | Serial Position effect |
| Tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more easily than the middle items. | Primary effect |
| Tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more easily than the middle items. | Recensy effect |
| People recall material more easily in the same environment in which they learned it | State dependent |
| recalls best when in the dame emotional state as when the information was encoded | State dependent memory effect |
| The relationship between time and forgetting is called | The Curve of forgetting |
| Information already stored in memory interferes with remembering newer information | Proactive interference |
| New learning interferes with remembering previously learned information. | Retroactive interference |
| Material never put in long term memory | Encoding failure |
| memory trace if not used, disappears in time | Decay theory |
| Forgetting through suppression or repression to protect self from painful or unpleasant information | Motivated forgetting |
| Not remembering to carry out some intended action | Prospective forgetting |
| Not remembering something one is certain of knowing | Retrieval failure |
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | Retrieval failure |
| Putting information in categories, sequences, sizes, or shapes to make retrieval easier. | Organization |
| Practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error | Over learning |
| Sleep, Emotional conditions, Stress, Anxiety, Nutrition are all factors affecting? • Substance use Hormonal fluctuations | Memory |
Created by:
Taylor Boyleston
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