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HLT 250 Study Guide

medications and other pharmacy lectures

QuestionAnswer
Phases "from fish to pharmacy" -test drug on rat, dog and monkey -phase 1 clinical trials-establish safety -phase 2 clinical trials-establish efficacy -phase 3 clinical trials-designed -phase 4-observation of agent after on market
Study Design Randomized, blind, placebo controlled
Administration routes (15) intradermal, oral, opthalmic, inhaled, intranasal, otic, buccal, subcutaneous, peritoneum, rectal, intravenous, intramuscularly, vaginal, intrathecal, intra-arterial
Pharmacokinetic Parameters Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
Absorption The movement of the drug into the blood
Distribution the movement of the drug through the various compartments of the body, for example the BB or into adipose tissue
Metabolism The necessary transformations the body makes on the drug to convert it from an inactive parent drug to an active metabolite, and from an active metabolite to an inactive metabolite
Excretion (elimination) the removal of the drug from the body
Other Pharmacological Parameters Onset of action half-life bioavailability
Onset of action the time that it takes the drug to take effect after administration-determined by ADM
Half-life the amount to time elapsed when the concentration of the drug in the blood decreases by half determined by ME
Bio-availability refers to the amount of drug the body absorbs and utilizes, the bioavailability of an IV drug is complete, whereas one that must go through conversions (metabolism) in the liver may only be 0.5 available
DEA Classification Drug Enforcement Agency classifies drugs into schedules depending on their potential for abuse or addiction
Stages of DEA Classification CI No medical use CII narcotics: kept locked in a safe and each tablet or unit dispensed is documented in a log CIII usually pain narcotics CIV benzodiazepines CV CVI
Pregnancy Drug Classifications Safety in Pregnancy A= Safety established in humans B=safety is established in animals and can presumed to be safe for humans C=not enough data to determine D=unsafe but clinical use may be justified X=totally unsafe and probably teratogenic
Nursing Drug Classifications Safe=+ Unsafe=- Unsure= ?
Therapeutic Range The concentration range between the lowest effective dose (trough) and the highest dose (peak) without side effects is referred to as the therapeutic range.
AAA Apply to affected area
HS Hours of sleep
Q Every
QD once daily
BID twice daily
TID three times daily
QID four times daily
SID once daily (vet)
PRN as needed
Drugs with a Narrow Therapeutic Range aminoglycoside antibiotics antiseizure medications antidysarrythmic drugs cuclosporin lithium theophylline
Aminoglycoside antibiotics IV gentamycin, tobramycin and amikacin and vancomycin
Antiseizure Medications Phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, zonisamide, phenobarbital, primidone
Antidysarrythmic drugs procainamide, digoxin, lidocain, quinidine
Factors that effect normal dosing genetics, organ function, drug drug interactions, drug disease interactions
Signs and Symptoms of Drug Allergy hives, extreme photosensitivity, mild rash anywhere but most likely on torso. Tx take benedryl and treat with corticosteroids. Reddening of the palms, flushed cheeks and/or ears, wheezing or difficulty breathing, tongue swelling, target rash. ANAPHYLAXIS
Adverse drug reactions predicted or idiosyncratic symptoms.
List of need to know Adverse Drug Reactions Serotonin Syndrome, Rhabdomyolsis, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Steven Johnson Syndrome, Angioedema, Respiratory Failure, Prolonged Q-T interval, torsaes des pointes, organ failure
Rhabdomyolsis muscle pain, myoglobinurea, renal failure
Serotonin Syndrome tachycardia, sweating, tremor
anticholinergic side effects dry mouth, urinary retention, dry eyes, mydriasis
neuroleptic malignant syndrome fever, encephalopathy, unstable enzymes
prolonged QT interval haldol IV
stephen's johnson syndrome detachment of epidermis from hypodermis
analphylaxis red ears, red hands, hypotensiona and respiratory failure
ace inhibitor ADR angioedema
DVT deep vein thrombosis
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Signs and Symtoms of DRESS Drug related eosinophilia and systemic syndrome. treat with high sdoese of steroids can lead to TEN toxic endothelial necrosis
Drug Sensitivities Nausea, vomiting diarrhea, headache, itching without rash. Stomach ache, idiosyncrasies, dizziness or confusion,
druge interactions/ allergies drug drug interactions are the cause of the most severe adverse events caused by pharmaceuticals. toxic levels of drugs can cause renal failure, deafness, brain injury and death
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