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PSY 218 Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Unconditioned Reflexes | Unconditioned stimulus elicits unconditioned response. |
| Respondent Conditioning | -Process: US---->UR -Outcome: CS---->CR |
| Examples of Respondent Conditioning | Pavlov's Dog. Sexual arousal. Fear/phobia. |
| Respondent Extinction | Present the CS repeatedly without the US. The CS will no longer elicit a CR. |
| Higher Order Conditioning | -Process: CS1----> CR (Neutral stimulus paired with CS1) -Outcome: CS2---->CR. A neutral stimulus becomes a CS when paired with another CS. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | After respondent extinction has occurred. The CS may once again elicit a CR. |
| Discrimination and Respondent Behavior | A single CS or narrow range of CSs elicit a CR. Example: Fear of one specific dog. |
| Generalization of Respondent Behavior | A number of similar CSs elicit the same CR. Example: Fear of all dogs. |
| Applied Behavior Analysis | Based on Skinner's operant conditioning. -For learning to occur a person must be involved as an active participant. Uses reinforcement, punishment, extinction, stimulus control. |
| Extinction | Behavior is no longer reinforced when it occurs in specific circumstances. Behavior stops occurring in the future in similar circumstances. |
| Punishment | Discourages someone from repeating a behavior. |
| Punisher | Aversive stimulus. |
| Positive punishment | Stimulus presented after behavior. |
| Antecedent | Behavior--->Consequence. |
| Negative Punishment | Something desirable taken away after behavior. |
| Differential Reinforcement | The procedure in which stimulus control is established. i.e. positive reinforcement for a behavior given one SD, extinction for the same behavior given a different SD. |
| Stimulus Control | Occurrs when an antecedent stimulus systematically affects the probability of a response occurring. |
| Masking | Additional stimulus disables affect of original stimulus. |
| Overshadowing | Subject is distracted from stimulus by another stimulus. |
| Two types of prompts | Respones prompts, stimulus prompts. |
| Response prompt | Involves the behavior of another person. ---> Verbal, gestural, modeling, and physical prompts. |
| Stimulus Prompt | Involves change in an antecedent stimulus. ---> WIthin stimulus prompt, extra-stimulus prompt. |
| Behavior | Defined as what people say and do. |
| Stimulus Discrimination Training | Reinforce the behavior in the presence of on SD, do not reinforce the behavior in the presence of other antecedent. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | Elicits response without learning. |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | Unlearned, inborn response. |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | Acquires ability to elicit after paired association with unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | Elicited by conditioned stimulus. |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning from the consequences of your behavior. |
| Law of effect | Consequences determine response occurring in the future. |
| Shaping | Reinforcement of successive approximation of a target behavior. |
| Fading | A prompted response is no longer under stimulus control. |
| Prompt | An antecedent stimulus or even that controls a response. A prompt gets the behavior to occur in the correct situation so the behavior can be reinforced. |
| Prompt Delay | Present the SD, wait X number of seconds, then present the prompt (if needed). |
| Prompt Fading | Gradually removing the response prompt. Example: Coach provides less and less physical assistance to Trevor to hit the ball. |
| Stimulus Fading | Gradually removing the stimulus prompt. Example: Students look at the answers on the flash cards less and less as they learn the answers to the multiplication problems. |
| Reinforcement | 1. The occurrence of a behavior. 2. Results immediately in a consequence. 3. The behavior is strengthened (more likely to occur again in the future in similar circumstances) |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement. -Behavior that is controlled by its consequences. |
| Reinforcer | The consequence (stimulus or event) that follows operant behavior and strengthens operant behavior |
| Positive Reinforcement | Behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a reinforcer) and the behavior is strengthened. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus (a punisher/aversive stimulus) and the behavior is strengthened. |
| Escape | The behavior results in the termination of (escape from) the aversive stimulus and the behavior is strengthened. |
| Avoidance | The behavior results in the prevention of (avoidance of) the aversive stimulus and the behavior is strengthened. |
| Unconditioned Reinforcers | Biologically determined -survival value for the individual. Food, water, human contact, (warmth), oxygen, sexual contact, escape from cold, heat, pain, extreme levels of stimulation. |
| Conditioned Reinforcers | A previously neutral stimulus. -Repeatedly paired with an established reinforcer (an unconditioned or conditioned reinforcer) -Will function as a reinforcer. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Each response is followed by the reinforcer. |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | Not every response is followed by a reinforcer. |
| Rixed Ratio Schedules | Reinforcer after X number of responses. -The number doesn't change. -Produces high rate/post reinforcement pause. |
| Variable Ratio Schedules | Reinforcer after X number of responses on the average. -Produces high rate/no post-reinforcement pause. Example: Slot machine, phone solicitors. |
| Fixed Interval Schedules | Reinforcer for the first response after X amount of time - time interval does not change. -Produces low rate or responding that increases at the end of the interval. -Rarely used in behavior modification. -Examples: Mail delivery every 2 hours. |
| Variable Interval Schedules | Reinforcer for the first response after X amount of time on the average. -Produces low but steady rate of behavior. -Rarely used in behavior modification. -Examples: unpredictable supervisor checks, checking phone messages. |
| Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement | Schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviors. -Concurrent operants -Factors influencing choice of concurrent operants: schedule of reinforcement, magnitude of reinforcement, immediacy of reinforcement... |
| Extinction Burst | When the reinforcer no longer follows a particular behavior, three things may happen initially: 1. Increase in frequency, duration, or intensity of unreinforced behavior. 2. Increase in novel behaviors. 3. Increase in emotional/aggressive behavi |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The behavior occurs again sometime later after it was eliminated with extinction. |
| Token- |
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